States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Waiver of rights — Right of sovereign immunity — Iran- United States Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955, Article XI(4) — Scope of waiver of immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Preliminary injunction against agency of foreign State — Sovereign immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Requirements for jurisdiction — Subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction — Waiver of immunity — Iran-United States Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955, Article XI(4) — Scope of — Commercial activity exception to immunity — Acts having direct effect in United States — Service of process — The law of the United States