War and armed conflict — Treaties and customary international humanitarian law — Geneva Conventions, 1949 and Hague Regulations, 1907 largely reflecting principles of customary international law — Whether Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions and treaties on conventional weapons and landmines having similar effect

War and armed conflict — Civilians — Duties of belligerents towards the civilian population — Prohibition of rape — Prohibition of looting — Destruction of property — Whether absolutely necessary — Combat damage

War and armed conflict — Belligerent occupation — When territory to be considered occupied — Duration of occupation — Lull in fighting — Duties of occupying power towards people and property

War and armed conflict — Cultural property — Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property, 1954 — Additional Protocol I, Article 53 — Hague Regulations, Article 56 — Whether limited to items of worldwide significance

State responsibility — For acts of soldiers — Isolated acts — Duty to control armed forces — Duty to protect civilian population and property — Apportionment of responsibility

Arbitration — Evidence — Standard of proof — Rape — Destruction of property — Failure of respondent to refute allegations — Remedies — Whether non-pecuniary remedy available — Apology — Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission