Aliens — Refugees — Definition of a refugee — Requirement of membership of a particular social group — Whether cohesiveness a prerequisite for being regarded as a social group — Women in Pakistan — Discrimination against women in Pakistan — Whether women constituting a particular social group — Whether wives accused of adultery and thus at risk of violence a social group — Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1A(2)

Human rights — Discrimination — Discrimination against women — Discrimination against women in general — Discrimination against wives accused of adultery — Whether victims of such discrimination entitled to refugee status

Treaties — Interpretation — Preamble of treaty — Context — Travaux préparatoires — Case law in other States parties — Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — The law of England