Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-5wvtr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T04:56:42.888Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Smoking During Pregnancy: Pregnancy Risks and Socio-demographic Characteristics among Pregnant Smokers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2009

Sven Cnattingius
Affiliation:
University Hospital, Uppsala

Abstract

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is causally related to fetal growth retardation. Smoking more than doubles the risk for the birth of a small-for-gestational-age infant. About 30% of the Swedish pregnant population smoke in early pregnancy. Despite that practically all pregnant women in Sweden today are aware of the hazards of smoking, about 70% of the smokers continue to smoke during pregnancy. Women who continue to smoke during pregnancy differ in terms of socio-demographic characteristics from those who stop smoking during pregnancy.

Type
Screening for Phychosocial risk Factors
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Bosley, A. R. J., Sibert, J. R., & Newcombe, R. G.Effects of maternal smoking on fetal growth and nutrition. Archives of Diseases in Children, 1981, 56, 727–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Brooke, O. G., Anderson, H. R., Bland, J. M., et al. Effects on birthweight of smoking, alcohol, caffeine, socioeconomic factors, and psychosocial stress. British Medical Journal, 1989, 298, 795801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Cnattingius, S.Does age potentiate the smoking-related risk of fetal growth retardation? Early Human Development, 1989, 20, 203–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Cnattingius, S., & Haglund, B.Smoking during pregnancy: Increased risks for late fetal and infant mortality? Journal of Swedish Medical Association, 1989, 86, 2659–61 (in Swedish).Google Scholar
5.Cnattingius, S., Haglund, B., & Meirik, O.Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for late fetal and early neonatal death. British Medical Journal, 1988, 297, 258–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Johnson, S. F., McCarter, R. J., & Ferencz, C.Changes in alcohol, cigarette, and recreational drug use during pregnancy: Implications for intervention. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1987, 126, 695702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Kleinman, J. C., Pierre, M. B., Madans, J. H., et al. The effects of maternal smoking on fetal and infant mortality. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1988, 127, 274–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Kullander, S., & Källén, B.A prospective study of smoking and pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavia, 1971, 50, 8394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.MacArthur, C., & Knox, E. G.Smoking in pregnancy: Effects of stopping at different stages. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1988, 95, 551–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Madeley, R. J., Gillies, P. A., Power, F. L., & Symonds, E. M.Nottingham mothers stop smoking project—Baseline survey of smoking in pregnancy. Community Medicine, 1989, 11, 124–30.Google ScholarPubMed
11.Malloy, M. H., Kleinman, J. C., Land, G. H., & Schramm, W. F.The association of maternal smoking with age and cause of infant death. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1988, 128, 4655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Mclntosh, I. D.Smoking and pregnancy: Attributable risks and public health implications. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 1984, 75, 141–48.Google Scholar
13.McIntosh, I. D.Smoking and pregnancy: II. Offspring risks. Public Health Review, 1984, 12, 2963.Google ScholarPubMed
14.Naeye, R. L.Influence of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy on fetal and childhood growth. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1981, 57, 1821.Google ScholarPubMed
15.Sexton, M., & Hebel, R. H.A clinical trial of change in maternal smoking and its effects on birthweight. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1984, 251, 911–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Simpson, W. J., & Linda, L.A preliminary report on cigarette smoking and the incidence of prematurity. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1957, 73, 808–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Waterson, E. J., & Murray-Lyon, I. M.Drinking and smoking patterns amongst women attending an antenatal clinic — II. During pregnancy. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 1989, 24, 163–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Yerushalmy, J.The relationship of parent's cigarette smoking to outcome of pregnancy — Implications as to the problem of inferring causality from observed associations. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1971, 9, 443–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar