Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-75dct Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-18T23:17:03.827Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Arab Basic Personality: A Critical Survey of The Literature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

Fouad M. Moughrabi
Affiliation:
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

Extract

A substantial number of social-psychological studies dealing with the Arab world purport to explain the ‘Arab basic personality’, or ‘the Arab mind’. The alleged purpose of these studies is to understand the ‘psychology of the Arabs’ the underlying motivations of their behavior, and the reasons for their underdevelopment. Most of these studies emphasize the use of projective analyses of the Arab personality on the basis of supposedly dominant childrearing practices. The personality pattern which emerges from this research includes characteristics such as free-floating hostility, rigidity, the lack of reality testing, and suspiciousness6 which are said to explain the nature of Arab political behavior.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1978

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Patai, Raphael, The Arab Mind, (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973).Google Scholar

2 D. Sanua, Victor, ‘The National Character of the Arabs and Its Effect on the Middle East Conflict’, paper presented at the American Psychological Association annual convention, Miami Beach, 09 1970; idem, ‘Is Peace in the Middle East Possible? A Study of Psychological Factors’,Google ScholarInternational Understanding, Monograph Supplement to the International Psychologist, 12, 2, (1971), 1429; idem, ‘The Psychology of the Arab Peasantry and Its Implications for the Arab-Israeli Conflict’,Google ScholarMiddle East eview, 2(Winter, 19741975), 4862.Google Scholar

3 Berger, Morroe, The Arab World Today (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964);Google ScholarGlidden, H., ‘The Arab World’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 1972), 984988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

4 Sanua, , ‘The Psychology of the Arab Peasantry’, p. 51.Google Scholar

5 Hamady, S., Temperament and Character of the Arabs (New York: Twayne, 1960);Google ScholarAl-Azm, S.J., Al-Ahad, (Beirut), 08 23 and 30, 1967 (Arabic).Google ScholarHarkabi, Y., ‘Basic Factors in the Arab Collapse during the Six Day War’, Orbis, 2, (1967), 677691.Google Scholar

6 Adams, J.B., ‘Culture and Conflict in an Egyptian Village’, American Anthropologist, 59, (1957), 225235;CrossRefGoogle ScholarFeldman, H., ‘Children of the Desert: Notes on Arab National Character’, Psychoanalysis and the Psychoanalytic Review, 45,(1958) 4050.Google ScholarPubMed

7 For a critical survey of this literature as it applies to the Arab attitude in the ArabIsraeli conflict, see Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin, ‘National Character and National Behavior in the Middle East: The Case of the Arab Personality’, International Journal of Group Tensions, 2 (3), (1972), 1928.Google Scholar

8 Patai, The Arab Mind, esp. chaps, ii and iii.

9 Kardiner, Abraham, The Psychological Frontiers of Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1945), chap. viii.Google Scholar

10 Ibid., pp. vii-viii.

11 Terhune, K. W., ‘From National Character to National Behavior’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 14 (1970), 203263;CrossRefGoogle ScholarPipes, R., ‘Some Operational Principles of Soviet Foreign Policy’, memorandum to the Subcommittee on National Security and International Operations, United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972.Google Scholar

12 Prothro, E. T. and Melikian, L. H., ‘The California Public Opinion Scale in an Authoritarian Culture’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 17 (1953), 353362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

13 Hamady, Temperament and Character of the Arabs; Patai, The Arab Mind.

14 Berger, , The Arab World Today, p. 135.Google Scholar

15 Ibid., p.137.

16 Patai, , The Arab Mind, p. 26.Google Scholar

17 Ibid., p. 26.

18 Ibid., p. 28.

19 Ibid., p. 30.

20 Ibid., p. 311.

21 Ibid., p. 32.

22 Ibid., p. 32.

23 Ibid., p. 33.

24 Ibid., p. 35.

25 Ibid.. p. 40.

26 Ibid., p. 157.

27 Ibid., p.157.

28 Sanua, , ‘The Psychology of the Arab Peasantry,’ pp. 4862.Google Scholar

29 Ibid., p. 51.

30 Feldman, , ‘Children of the Desert’, p. 41.Google Scholar

31 Berger, , The Arab World Today, pp. 141–42;Google ScholarGlidden, , ‘The Arab World’, pp. 984988.Google Scholar

32 Hamady, , Temperament and Character of the Arabs, p. 36.Google Scholar

33 Harkabi, , ‘Basic Factors in the Arab Collapse’, pp. 677691.Google Scholar

34 Patai, , The Arab Mind, p. 163.Google Scholar

35 Ammar, H., Fi Bina al-Bashar (On the Building of Man) (U.A.R.: Sirs al-Layyan, 1964).Google Scholar

36 Al-Azm, S. J., A1-Naqd al-Dahfi Ba'd al-Hazima (Self-Criticism after the Defeat) (Beirut: Dar al-Tali's, 1968).Google Scholar

37 Ibid., pp. 69–90.

38 Patai, , The Arab Mind, p. 106.Google Scholar

39 Sanua, , ‘The Psychology of the Arab Peasantry’, p. 53.Google Scholar

40 Ibid., p. 54.

41 Prothro, and Melikian, , ‘The California Public Opinion Scale’, pp. 353362.Google Scholar

42 Harkabi, Y., The Arab Attitude to Israel, (London:Vallentine, Mitchell and Co., 1972), p.139.Google Scholar

43 Ammar, H., Growing Up in an Egyptian Village, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1954).Google Scholar

44 Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim, ‘Educating a Community in Exile’, Journal of Palestine Studies, 2, 3 (1973), 94111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

45 This observation is based on material gathered by the author in the summer of 1974 during a research visit to the Middle East. This material derives from unpublished documents at the PLO research center.

46 McClelland, David, The Achieving Society, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

47 DeCharms, R. and Moeller, G., ‘ Values Expressed in American Children's Readers ’, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, (1962), 136142;CrossRefGoogle ScholarGruen, Walter, ‘Composition and Some Correlates of the American Core Culture’, Psychological Reports, 18, (1966), 483486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

48 Terhune, , ‘From National Character to National Behavior’, pp. 203263.Google Scholar

49 Ibid., p. 236.

50 Ibid., p. 259.

51 Ibid., pp. 239–241.

52 Gouldner, Alvin W., ‘Anti-Minotaur: The Myth of Value-free Sociology’, in Sociology on Trial, (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1963), pp. 3552.Google Scholar

53 Rubenstein, A., ‘Why the Israelis Are Being Difficult’, The New York Times Magazine,18 04 1971. Rubenstein argues that the 'Israelis are characterized by a deeply rooted suspicious attitude toward others (p. III);Google Scholar see also Rogers, R.R., ‘The Emotional Climate in Israeli Society’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 128, (1972), 988992.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

54 Gurr, Ted, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971), p. 33.Google Scholar

55 Freud, Sigmund, The Interpretation of Dreams, (New York: Avon Books, 1972).Google Scholar

56 Atkinson, J. W., ‘Motivational Determinants of Risk-Taking Behavior’, in Motives in Fantasy, Action and Society: A Method of Assessment and Study, (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1958), pp. 322339.Google Scholar

57 Sanua, , The Psychology of the Arab Personality, pp. 5760.Google Scholar

58 Patai, , The Arab Mind, pp. 268290.Google Scholar

59 Barakat, Halim, ‘Evolutionary Change in Arab Society’, Mawaqif, (Beirut, Lebanon), 28 (1974) 820, (in Arabic).Google Scholar

60 Zajonc, R. B. and Wahi, N. K., ‘Conformity and Need Achievement under Cross-cultural Norm Conflict’, Human Relations, 14, (1961), 241250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

61 Mischell, W. and Milligan, Carol, ‘Delay of Gratification, Motivation for the Prohibited Gratification, and Responses to Temptation’, Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 69, (1964), 411417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

62 Argyle, M. and Robinson, P., ‘Two Origins of Achievement Motivation’, British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1, (1962), 107120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

63 Muecher, H. and Heckhausen, H., ‘Influence of Mental Activity and Achievement Motivation on Skeletal Muscle Tonus’, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 14, (1962), 217218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

64 Rudin, S. A., ‘What Price Glory? Psycho-Analytic Death Rates and Motivation in 17 Countries‘, Acta Psychologica, 23, (1964), 107.Google Scholar

65 Meadows, Donella et al., The Limits to Growth, (New York: Universe Books, 1972), p. 193.Google Scholar

66 Fanon, Frantz, The Wretched of the Earth, (New York: Grove Press, 1968), pp. 312313.Google Scholar

67 Lifton, R. J., History of Human Survival, (New York: Random House, 1970).Google Scholar