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Planetary Systems and Stellar Multiplicity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2016

Su-Shu Huang
Su-Shu Huang*
Affiliation:
Department of Astronomy Northwestern University

Abstract

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In this paper we have discussed the origin of planetary systems on one hand and binary and multiple stars on the other. First we show that phenomenological differences between these two kinds of celestial objects are due to their genetic difference. The basic point is that formation of a planetary system around a star has to be a minor event in the life history of the star while formation of a binary or multiple system has to be an event that is important equally to all components of the system. Thus the planetary system evolves from a rotating disk of gaseous and dust particles that comes into being after the star has already been there. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the rotating disk results from transfer of angular momentum from the central star to the surrounding medium which is likely a residue left over in the process of formation of the central star.

Binary and multiple systems cannot be formed in this way because they do not show the characteristics of having come out of a rotating disk. The dominant mechanism of their formation is that they were formed naturally as they are, each from perhaps a single condensation in the interstellar medium. However such a single mechanism of formation cannot satisfactorily explain the observed spread of binaries in mean separations between two components (or equivalently orbital periods). But the disagreement may be removed by including a small number of binaries formed by other processes and by considering the change of orbital elements of binaries after their formation. Trapezia were likely formed also by more than one mechanism.

That several stars could be formed, from a single condensation requires the” existence oí pre-stellar nuclei which are briefly: discussed at the end of the paper.

Resumen

Resumen

En este trabajo hemos discutido, por un lado, el origen del sistema planetario y por el otro, el de estrellas binarias y múltiples. Primero, se muestra que las diferencias fenómenológicas entre estas dos clases de objetos celestes se debe a sus diferencias genéticas. El punto básico es que la formación de un sistema planetario alrededor de una estrella es un evento menor en la vida de la estrella, mientras que la formación de un sistema binario o múltiple tiene que ser un evento igualmente importante para todas las componentes del sistema. Por lo tanto, el sistema planetario evoluciona de un disco en rotación de partículas de polvo y gas que se forma después de que la estrella ya está formada. Es entonces razonable sugerir que el disco giratorio resulta de la transferencia de momento angular entre la estrella central y el medio circundante, el cual es posiblemente el residuo del proceso de la formación de la estrella central.

Sistemas binarios y múltiples no se pueden originar de esta manera, puesto que no muestran las características de que provienen de un disco en rotación. El mecanismo dominante de su origen es que se formaron naturalmente tal como son, cada una tal vez de una condensación única del medio interestelar. Sin embargo, tal mecanismo único de formación no puede explicar satisfactoriamente la dispersión de la separación media entre las componentes observada de las binarias (o bien, en forma equivalente, de sus periodos orbitales). Pero este desacuerdo puede ser eliminado incluyendo un número pequeño de binarias formadas por otros procesos y considerando el cambio de los elementos orbitales de las binarias después de su formación. Los trapecios posiblemente se formaron mediante más de un mecanismo.

El que varias estrellas puedan formarse en una sola condensación requiere la existencia de núcleos pre-estelares, lo cual se discute brevemente al final de este trabajo.

Type
Session 6
Information
International Astronomical Union Colloquium , Volume 33: Observational Parameters and Dynamical Evolution of Multiple Stars , May 1977 , pp. 175 - 187
Copyright
Copyright © Otto G. Franz and Paris Pismis 1977

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