Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-mwx4w Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-20T13:38:31.309Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Incidence of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit–Acquired Infections

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2016

Shailendra N. Banerjee ,
Lisa A. Grohskopf ,
Ronda L. Sinkowitz-Cochran ,
William R. Jarvis  and
National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System; the Pediatric Prevention Network
Shailendra N. Banerjee*
Affiliation:
Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia Epidemiology and Laboratory Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
Lisa A. Grohskopf
Affiliation:
Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia Epidemiology Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention–Surveillance and Epidemiology, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
Ronda L. Sinkowitz-Cochran
Affiliation:
Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia Prevention and Evaluation Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
William R. Jarvis
Affiliation:
Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia Jason and Jarvis Associates, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina
*
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, G08, Atlanta, GA30333 (snbl@cdc.gov)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective.

To compare the cumulative incidence of infections acquired in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Design.

Estimation of the cumulative incidence of infections with data obtained from the Pediatric Prevention Network (PPN) point-prevalence survey and observed rates from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system.

Setting.

Ten hospitals participated in both the PPN survey and NNIS system.

Participants.

All patients present on the PPN survey dates (August 4, 1999, or February 1, 2000) in the NICUs or PICUs of the PPN hospitals were included in the survey. Point prevalences for PICU-acquired and for NICU-acquired infections at these hospitals were calculated from the survey data. The cumulative incidence rates were estimated from the point prevalence rates using a standard formula and a standard method for calculating the time to recovery (ie, on the basis of the assumption that discontinuance of antimicrobial therapy indicates recovery from infection); alternate methods to judge the time to recovery from infection were also explored.

Results.

The average cumulative incidence of intensive care unit-acquired infection for NICUs and PICUs combined (all units), as measured by NNIS, was 14.1 cases per 100 patients; in comparison, the prevalence was 14.06 cases for 100 patients (median difference, —0.95 cases per 100 patients; 95% confidence interval, —4.6 to 5.0 cases per 100 patients), and the estimated cumulative incidence using the standard method of calculating the time to recovery was 13.8 cases per 100 patients (median difference, —1.5 cases per 100 patients; 95% confidence interval, —9.1 to 2.9 cases per 100 patients). Estimates of cumulative incidence using alternate methods for calculation of time to recovery did not perform as well (range, 4.9-100.9 cases per 100 patients). The average incidence density for all units, as measured by the NNIS system, was 6.8 cases per 1,000 patient-days, and the estimate of incidence density using the standard method of calculating the time to recovery was 3.6 cases per 1,000 patient-days (median difference, 4.3 cases per 1,000 patient-days; 95% confidence interval, 0.9 to 9.2 cases per 1,000 patient-days). Estimated incidence densities using alternate methods for determining recovery time correlated closely with observed incidence densities.

Conclusions.

In this patient population, the simple point prevalence provided the best estimate of cumulative incidence, followed by use of a standard formula and a standard method of calculating the time to recovery. Estimation of incidence density using alternate methods performed well. The standard formula and method may provide an even better estimate of cumulative incidence than does simple prevalence in general populations.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 27 , Issue 6 , June 2006 , pp. 561 - 570
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.French, GL, Cheng, AFB. Measurement of the costs of hospital infection by prevalence surveys. J Hosp Infect 1991; 18:65–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Sheng, WH, Wang, JT, Lu, DCT, et al. Comparative impact of hospital-acquired infections on medical costs, length of hospital stay and outcome between community hospitals and medical centers. J Hosp Infect 2005; 59:205–214.Google Scholar
3.Baltimore, RS. Neonatal nosocomial infections. Semin Perinatol 1998; 22: 25–32.Google Scholar
4.Sohn, AH, Garrett, DO, Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL, et al. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care unit patients: results from the first national point-prevalence survey. J Pediatr 2001; 139:821–827.Google Scholar
5.Herruzo, CR, Garcia, GJ, Garcia, MP, et al. Nosocomial infection and its impact on the stay in a neonatal intensive care unit (1988-1991). Rev Sanid Hig Publica (Madr) 1993; 67:153–163.Google Scholar
6.Lodha, R, Natchu, UC, Nanda, M, et al. Nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units. Indian J Pediatr 2001; 68:1063–1070.Google Scholar
7.Simon, A, Bindl, L, Kramer, MH. Surveillance of nosocomial infections: prospective study in a pediatric intensive care unit: background, patients and methods. Klin Pediatr 2000; 212:2–9.Google Scholar
8.Grohskopf, LA, Sinkowitz, RL, Garrett, DO, et al. A national point-prevalence survey of pediatric intensive care unit-acquired infections in the United States. J Pediatr 2002; 140:432–438.Google Scholar
9.Rhame, F, Sudderth, W. Incidence and prevalence as used in the analysis of the occurrence of nosocomial infections. Am J Epidemiol 1981; 113:1–11.Google Scholar
10.Garner, JS, Jarvis, WR, Emory, TG, et al. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. Am J Infect Control 1988; 16:128–140.Google Scholar
11.Emori, TG, Culver, DH, Horan, TC. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System: description of surveillance methods. Am J Infect Control 1991; 19:19–35.Google Scholar
12.Maguire, GC, Nordin, J, Myers, MG, et al. Infections acquired by young infants. Am J Dis Child 1981; 135:693–698.Google Scholar
13.Richards, MJ, Edwards, JR, Culver, DH, Gaynes, RP, the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units in the United States. Pediatrics 1999; 103:1–7.Google Scholar
14.Urea, M, Pous, M, Serra, M, Latore, C, Palomeque, A. Prospective incidence study of nosocomial infections in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22:490–494.Google Scholar
15.Lopes, JM, Tonelli, E, Lamounier, JA, et al. Prospective surveillance applying the national nosocomial infection surveillance methods in a Brazilian pediatric public hospital. Am J Infect Control 2002; 30:1–7.Google Scholar
16.Delgado-Rodriguez, M, Cueto-Espinar, A, Rodriguez-Contreas-Pelayo, R, et al. A practical application of Rhame and Sudderth's formula on nosocomial surveillance. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1987; 35:482–487.Google Scholar
17.Gastmeier, P, Brauer, H, Sohr, D, et al. Converting incidence and prevalence data of nosocomial infections: results from eight hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001; 22:31–34.Google Scholar
18.Graves, N, Nicholls, TM, Wong, CGS, et al. The prevalence and estimates of the cumulative incidence of hospital-acquired infections among patients admitted to Auckland district health board hospitals in New Zealand. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003; 24:1:56–61.Google Scholar
19.Breslow, NE, Day, NE. Statistical Methods in Cancer Research, Volume II: The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1987.Google Scholar