Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T23:30:28.457Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Disposable Bronchoscope Model for Simulating Endoscopic Reprocessing and Surveillance Cultures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 November 2016

Mohamed H. Yassin ,
Rahman Hariri ,
Yasir Hamad ,
Juliet Ferrelli ,
Leeanna McKibben  and
Yohei Doi
Mohamed H. Yassin*
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Infection Control, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Rahman Hariri
Affiliation:
Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Yasir Hamad
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Juliet Ferrelli
Affiliation:
Department of Infection Control, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Leeanna McKibben
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Yohei Doi
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
*
Address correspondence to Mohamed H Yassin, MD, PhD, 1400 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, (mhy8@pitt.edu).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Endoscope-associated infections are reported despite following proper reprocessing methods. Microbiological testing can confirm the adequacy of endoscope reprocessing. Multiple controversies related to the method and interpretation of microbiological testing cultures have arisen that make their routine performance a complex target.

OBJECTIVE

We conducted a pilot study using disposable bronchoscopes (DBs) to simulate different reprocessing times and soaking times and to compare high-level disinfection versus ethylene oxide sterilization. We also reviewed the time to reprocessing and duration of the procedures.

METHODS

Bronchoscopes were chosen because an alternative disposable scope is commercially available and because bronchoscopes are more prone to delays in processing. Disposable bronchoscopes were contaminated using a liquid bacterial suspension and were then incubated for 1–4 hours. Standard processing and high-level disinfection were performed on 36 endoscopes. Ethylene oxide sterilization was performed on 21 endoscopes. Endoscope cultures were performed using the standard “brush, flush, brush” technique.

RESULTS

After brushing was performed, a final water-flush culture procedure was the most effective method of detecting bacterial persistence on the disposable scopes. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most commonly recovered organism after reprocessing. Ethylene oxide sterilization did not result in total elimination of viable bacteria.

CONCLUSION

Routine endoscopy cultures may be required to assess the adequacy of endoscopic processing.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:136–142

Type
Original Articles
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 38 , Issue 2 , February 2017 , pp. 136 - 142
Copyright
© 2016 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

PREVIOUS PRESENTATION. This study was presented as abstract number 110 at IDWeek 2015 in San Diego, California. The oral abstract session was held on October 8, 2015.

References

REFERENCES

1. Banerjee, S, Shen, B, Nelson, D, et al. ASGE Standards of Practice. Infection control during GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;67:781–790.Google Scholar
2. Boudabbous, M, Amouri, A, Mnif, L, Tahri, N. Gastro Endosc Infect 2010;39:887–894.Google Scholar
3. Hookey, L, Armstrong, D, Enns, R, Matlow, A, Singh, H, Love, J. Summary of guidelines for infection prevention and control for flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy. Can J Gastroenterol 2013;27:347–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities. 2008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/Disinfection_Sterilization/3_0disinfectEquipment.html. Published 2008. Accessed December 12, 2015.Google Scholar
5. Society of Gastroenterology Nurses, Associates. Standards of infection control in reprocessing of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes. Gastroenterol Nurs 2013;36:293–303.Google Scholar
6. Jorgensen, SB, Bojer, MS, Boll, EJ, et al. Heat-resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in endoscope-mediated outbreak. J Hosp Infect 2016;93:57–62.Google Scholar
7. Marsh, JW, Krauland, MG, Nelson, JS, et al. Genomic epidemiology of an endoscope-associated outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)–producing K. pneumoniae . PLoS One 2015;10:e0144310.Google Scholar
8. Ofstead, CL, Wetzler, HP, Doyle, EM, et al. Persistent contamination on colonoscopes and gastroscopes detected by biologic cultures and rapid indicators despite reprocessing performed in accordance with guidelines. Am J Infect Control 2015;43:794–801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9. Kovaleva, J, Meessen, NE, Peters, FT, et al. Is bacteriologic surveillance in endoscope reprocessing stringent enough? Endoscopy 2009;41:913–916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Gastmeier, P, Vonberg, RP. Klebsiella spp. in endoscopy-associated infections: we may only be seeing the tip of the iceberg. Infection 2014;42:15–21.Google Scholar
11. Srinivasan, A, Wolfenden, LL, Song, X, et al. An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections associated with flexible bronchoscopes. N Engl J Med 2003;348:221–227.Google Scholar
12. Kovaleva, J, Peters, FT, van der Mei, HC, Degener, JE. Transmission of infection by flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013;26:231–254.Google Scholar
13. Epstein, L, Hunter, JC, Arwady, MA, et al. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli associated with exposure to duodenoscopes. JAMA 2014;312:1447–1455.Google Scholar
14. RE: Information regarding the procedure for performing a presoak in detergent solution for cases of delayed reprocessing and excessive bleeding for use with Olympus flexible endoscopes. Olympus website. http://medical.olympusamerica.com/sites/default/files/pdf/delayedreprodifficultoclean.pdf. Published 2014. Accessed March 28, 2016.Google Scholar
15. Gazdik, MA, Coombs, J, Burke, JP, Lopansri, BK. Comparison of two culture methods for use in assessing microbial contamination of duodenoscopes. J Clin Microbiol 2016;54:312–316.Google Scholar
16. Ambu aScope 3. Ambu website. http://www.ambu.com/corp/products/anaesthesia/product/ascope_3-prod17195.aspx. Published 2015. Accessed December 14, 2015.Google Scholar
17. Muscarella, LF. Evaluation of the risk of transmission of bacterial biofilms and Clostridium difficile during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastroenterol Nurs 2010;33:28–35.Google Scholar
18. Kawata, N, Tanaka, M, Kakushima, N, et al. The low incidence of bacteremia after esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) obviates the need for prophylactic antibiotics in esophageal ESD. Surg Endoscopy 2016 Mar 16. [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar
19. Thosani, N, Zubarik, RS, Kochar, R, et al. Prospective evaluation of bacteremia rates and infectious complications among patients undergoing single-operator choledochoscopy during ERCP. Endoscopy 2016;48:424–431.Google Scholar
20. Ribeiro, MM, de Oliveira, AC. Analysis of the air/water channels of gastrointestinal endoscopies as a risk factor for the transmission of microorganisms among patients. Am J Infect Control 2012;40:913–916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21. Schnabel, RM, Van der Velden, K, Osinski, A, Rohde, G, Roekaerts, PM, Bergmans, DC. Clinical course and complications following diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients. BMC Pulmon Med 2015;15:107–115.Google Scholar
22. Rutala, WA, Weber, DJ. Gastrointestinal endoscopes: a need to shift from disinfection to sterilization? JAMA 2014;312:1405–1406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Design of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) duodenoscopes may impede effective cleaning: FDA Safety Communication. US Food and Drug Administration website. http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm434871.htm. Published February 2015. Accessed March 4, 2015.Google Scholar
24. FDA recommends health care facilities transition from custom ultrasonics endoscope washer/disinfectors to alternate reprocessing methods: FDA Safety Communication. US Food and Drug Administration website. http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm472462.htm. Published November 2015. Accessed December 12, 2015.Google Scholar