Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-dwq4g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-26T10:22:38.700Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Current Handwashing Issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Elaine Larson
Elaine Larson*
Affiliation:
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
*
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Nurse Scholar, 6428 Wishbone Terrace, Cabin John, MD 20818
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Editorial
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 5 , Issue 1 , January 1984 , pp. 15 - 17
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 1984

References

1. Dineen, P: An evaluation of the duration of the surgical scrub. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1960;129:1181–1185.Google Scholar
2. Gale, D, Broderick, EG, Lamb, BJ, et al: Reevaluation of scrub techniques for preoperative disinfection of the surgeon's hands. Ann Surg 1962;155:107–118.Google Scholar
3. Berman, R, Knight, R: Evaluation of hand antisepsis. Arch Environ Health 1969;18:781–783.Google Scholar
4. Ojajärvi, J: An evaluation of antiseptics used for hand disinfection in wards. J Hyg 1976;76:75–79.Google Scholar
5. Larson, EL, Strom, MS, Evans, CA: Analysis of three variables in sampling solutions used to assay bacteria of hands: Type of solution, use of antiseptic neutralizers, and solution temperature. Clin Microbiol 1980;12:355–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6. Tucci, VJ, Stone, AM, Thompson, C, et al: Studies of the surgical scrub. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1977;145:415–416.Google Scholar
7. Evans, CA, Stevens, RJ: Differential quantitation of surface and sub-surface bacteria of normal skin by the combined use of the cotton swab and the scrub methods. J Clin Microbiol 1976;3:576–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. McBride, ME, Duncan, WE, Knox, JM: Physiologic and environmental control of gram-negative bacteria on skin. Br J Dermatol 1975;93:191–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Salzman, TC, Clark, JJ, Klemm, L: Hand contamination of personnel as a mechanism of cross-infection in nosocomial infections with antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella-Aerobacter . Anti-microb Agents Chemother, 1968, pp 97–100.Google Scholar
10. Michaud, RN, McGrath, MB, Goss, WA: Improved experimental model for measuring skin degerming activity on the human hand. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1972;2:8–15.Google Scholar
11. Casewell, M, Phillips, I: Hands as route of transmission for Klebsiella species. Br Med J 1977;2:1315–1317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12. Bortnowski, PM: Scrubbing: By the stroke of the clock or the brush? Surgical Rounds, June 1978, pp 55–56.Google Scholar
13. Dineen, P: The surgical scrub: Why, how, what. Hospital Infections, May 1979, pp 66–68.Google Scholar
14. Steere, AC, Mallison, GF: Handwashing practices for the prevention of nosocomial infections. Ann Intern Med 1975;83:683–690.Google Scholar
15. Hargiss, CO, Larson, E: Guidelines for prevention of hospital-acquired infection. Am J Nurs 1981;81:2175–2182.Google Scholar
16. Dineen, P: Handwashing degerming: A comparison of povidoneiodine and Chlorhexidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978;23:63–67.Google Scholar
17. Crowder, VH, Welsh, JS, Bornside, GH, et al: Bacteriologic comparison of hexachlorophene and polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine surgical scrub soaps. Am Surg 1967;33:906–911.Google Scholar
18. Meers, PD, Yeo, GA: Shedding of bacteria and skin squames after handwashing. J Hyg 1978;81:99–105.Google Scholar
19. Lilly, HA, Lowbury, EJL, Wilkins, MD: Limits to progressive reduction of resident skin bacteria by disinfection. J Clin Pathol 1979;32:382–385.Google Scholar
20. Lowbury, EJL, Lilly, HA: Disinfection of the hands of surgeons and nurses. Br Med J 1960;1:1445–1450.Google Scholar
21. Young, VM, Meyers, WF, Moddy, MR, et al: The emergence of coryneform bacteria as a cause of nosocomial infections in compromised hosts. Am J Med 1981;70:646–650.Google Scholar
22. Larson, E: Hands: The healers and killers. Topics in Clinical Nursing 1979;1:59–67.Google Scholar
23. Larson, EL: Persistent carriage of gram-negative bacteria on hands. Am J Infec Control 1981;9:112–119.Google Scholar
24. Marples, M: The Ecology of the Human Skin. Springheld, Charles C Thomas, 1965.Google Scholar
25. Noble, WC, Somerville, D: Microbiology of Human Skin. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1974.Google Scholar
26. Evans, CA: Persistent individual differences in the bacterial flora of the skin of the forehead: Numbers of Propionibacteria. J Inves Dermatol 1975;64:42–46.Google Scholar
27. Price, PB: The bacteriology of normal skin: A new quantitative test applied to a study of the bacterial flora and the disinfectant action of mechanical cleansing. J Infec Dis 1938;63:301–318.Google Scholar
28. Hann, JB: The source of the ‘resident’ flora. Hand 1973;5:247–252.Google Scholar
29. Evans, CA, Smith, WM, Johnston, EA, et al: Bacterial flora of the normal human skin. J Inves Dermatol 1950;15:305–324.Google Scholar
30. Kligman, AM: The bacteriology of normal skin, in Maibach, HI, Hildick-Smith, G (eds): Skin Bacteria and Their Role in Infection. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1965.Google Scholar
31. Buxton, AE, Anderson, RL, Werdegar, D, et al: Nosocomial respiratory tract infection and colonization with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus . Am J Med 1978;65:507–513.Google Scholar
32. Aly, R, Maibach, HI, Shinefield, HR, et al: Survival of pathogenic organisms on human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1972;58:205–211.Google Scholar
33. Amonette, RR, Rosenberg, EW: Infection in the toe webs by gram-negative bacteria. Arch Dermatol 1973;107:71–73.Google Scholar
34. Marples, RR: The effect of hydration on the bacterial flora of the skin, in Maibach, HI, Hildick-Smith, G (eds): Skin Bacteria and Their Role in Infection. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1965.Google Scholar
35. Hoffman, MA, Finberg, L: Pseudomonas infections in infants associated with high humidity environments. J Pediatr 1955;46:628–630.Google Scholar
36. Lowbury, EJL: Gram-negative bacilli on the skin. Br J Dermatol 1969;81(suppl):55–61.Google Scholar
37. Rebell, G, Pillsbury, DM, deSaint Phalle, M, et al: Factors affecting the rapid disappearance of bacteria placed on the normal skin. Inves Dermatol 1950;14:247–264.Google Scholar
38. Valenti, WM, Trudeil, RG, Bentley, DW: Factors predisposing to oropharyngeal colonization with gram-negative bacteria in the aged. N Engl J Med 1978;293:1108–1111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39. Pollack, M, Charache, P, Nieman, RE, et al: Factors influencing colonization and antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria in hospital patients. Lancet 1972;2:668–671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40. McBride, ME, Duncan, WC, Bodey, GP, et al: Microbial skin flora of selected cancer patients and hospital personnel. J Clin Microbiol 1976;3:14–20.Google Scholar
41. Ojajärvi, J, Mäkelä, P, Rantasalo, I: Failure of hand disinfection with frequent handwashing: A need for prolonged field trials. J Hyg 1977;79:107–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42. Rose, HD, Babcock, JB: Colonization of intensive care unit patients with gram-negative bacilli. Am J Epidemiol 1975;101:495–501.Google Scholar
43. Rosenthal, S, Tager, IB: Prevalence of gram-negative rods in the normal pharyngeal flora. Ann Intern Med 1975;83:355–357.Google Scholar
44. Johanson, W, Pierce, AK, Sanford, JP: Changing pharyngeal flora of hospitalized patients. N Engl J Med 1969;281:1137–1140.Google Scholar
45. Albert, RK, Condie, F: Handwashing patterns in medical intensive care units. N Engl J Med 1981;304:1465–1466.Google Scholar
46. Preston, GA, Larson, EL, Stamm, WE: The effect of private isolation rooms on patient care practices, colonization and infection in an intensive care unit. Am J Med 1981;30:641–645.Google Scholar
47. Larson, EL, Killien, M: Factors influencing handwashing behavior of patient care personnel. Am J Infect Control 1982;10:93–99.Google Scholar
48. Larson, E: Compliance with isolation techniques. Am J Infect Control, in press.Google Scholar
49. Larson, E, Larson, EB: Housestaff handwashing: Effect of a role model. Presented at the Tenth Annual Educational Conference, the Association for Practitioners in Infection Control, San Diego, May 1983.Google Scholar