1 A notable exception here is Robert, D. Cross's “Origins of the Catholic Parochial Schools in America,” The American Benedictine Review 16 (1965), 194–209.Google Scholar

2 Cf Lannie, Vincent P. “Church and School Triumphant: The Sources of American Catholic Educational Historiography,“ History of Education Quarterly 16 (1976), 131–45.Google Scholar

3 For example, Lannie, Vincent P. Public Money and Parochial Education (Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1968) and Jorgenson, Lloyd P. “The Oregon School Law of 1922: Passage and Sequel,” Catholic Historical Review 54 (1968), 455–66.Google Scholar

4 Lannie, “Church and School Triumphant;“ Lazerson, Marvin “Understanding American Catholic Educational History,“ History of Education Quarterly 17 (1977), 297–317.Google Scholar

5 Though “religious,” religiously-based,” and “parochial” do not mean precisely the same thing, they will be used interchangeably in this essay.Google Scholar

6 See, for example, Hawkins, B. Denise “Menaul School Struggles to Maintain Regional Mission,“ Black Issues in Higher Education (31 December 1992), 22–25; Bishop, J. Eric and Fransen, Sharon “Building Community: An Alternative Assessment,” Phi Delta Kappan (September, 1998), 39–40, 57–58; A Century of God's Blessing (Freeman, SD: St. Paul Lutheran School, 1988); and Rand, Ted Yeshiva University High Schools (New York: Yeshiva University, 1991), for treatments of Presbyterian, Mennonite, Lutheran, and Jewish schools, respectively.Google Scholar

7 Examples are Clement Rammer, History of Catholic Schools in Sheboygan County (Sheboygan Falls, WI: Sheboygan Historical Research Center, 1997); Harley, R. Bruce Seek and Ye Shall Find: St. Boniface Indian Industrial School, 1888–1978 (San Bernardino: Diocese of San Bernardino, 1994); Johnroe, Donald An Anecdotal History of Gilmour Academy and the Brothers of the Holy Cross (Austin: Conference on the History of the Congregations of Holy Cross, 1993); and Costin, M. Georgia “The Finest and Most Elevated” Place (Austin: Conference on the History of the Congregations of Holy Cross, 1986).Google Scholar

8 Buetow, Harold A. “The United States Catholic School Phenomenon,“ in Vicchio, Stephen J. and Geiger, Virgina (eds.), Perspectives on the American Catholic Church, 1789–1989 (Westminster, MD: Christian Classics, Inc., 1989), 197–222.Google Scholar

9 Schoenberg, Wilfred P. A History of the Catholic Church in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, DC: The Pastoral Press, 1987).Google Scholar

10 Dunn, Edward T. “A Gymnasium in Buffalo: The Early Years of Canisius College,” Urban Education 18 (1984), 426–3 7, and Van Allen, Rodger “Growing Up in Cornelia's School” Record of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 107 (1996), 83–99.Google Scholar

11 Sanders, James W. The Education of an Urban Minority (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977).Google Scholar

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13 Timothy Walch's The Diverse Origins of American Catholic Education (New York: Garland Publishing, 1988) deals with both Milwaukee and Chicago. See also Praszalowicz, Dorota “The Cultural Changes of Polish-American Parochial Schools in Milwaukee, 1866–1988,” Journal of American Ethnic History 13 (1994), 23–45; Dunn, “A Gymnasium in Buffalo;” and Obidinski, Eugene “Parochial School Foundations of Buffalo's Polonia,” Urban Education 18 (1984), 438–51. Martin Poluse's “Archbishop Schremb's Battle to Obtain Public Assistance for the Parochial Schools of Cleveland during the Great Depression,” Catholic Historical Review 83 (1997), 428–5 1, deals with Cleveland, while Nikola Baumgarten, “Education and Democracy in Frontier St. Louis: The Society of the Sacred Heart,” History of Education Quarterly 34 (1994), 171–92, and Faherty, William Barnaby Deep Roots and Golden Wing: 1833–1983 (St. Louis: River City Publishers, Ltd., 1982) deal with St. Louis schools staffed by two religious communities, and F. Michael Perko, A Time to Favor Zion (Chicago: Educational Studies Press, 1988), treats nineteenth century Cincinnati.Google Scholar

14 Vinyard, JoEllen McNergney For Faith and Fortune (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1998).Google Scholar

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17 Two exceptions to this are: Perko, F. Michael “Sister Blandina Segale,“ in ed. Seller, Maxine S. Women Educators in the United States 1820–1993 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1994) and Armstrong, Philip A More Perfect Legacy: A Portrait of Brother Ephrem O'Dwyer, C.S.C., 1888–1978 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1995).Google Scholar

18 Buetow, Harold A. Of Singular Benefit: The Story of Catholic Education in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1970). This is an updated version of an earlier study. See also, Walch, Timothy Parish School (New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1996).Google Scholar

19 Grant, Mary A. and Hunt, Thomas C. Catholic School Education in the United States: Development and Current Concerns (New York: Garland Publishing, 1992).Google Scholar

20 See, for example, Buckley, Thomas E. “Freedom and Education,“ Momentum (February, 1988), 7–9, and Ryan, Francis “The First To Opt Out,” Educational Horizons (FA 1992), 53–64.Google Scholar

21 E.g., O'Gorman, Robert T., “The Foundation of the U.S. Catholic Church's Educational Mission and Ministry,” Religious Education 80 (1985), 101–22; Ognibene, Richard “Catholic and Protestant Education in the Late Nineteenth Century,” Religious Education 77 (1982), 5–20; and Perko, F. Michael “Catholics and their Schools from a Culturalist Perspective,” New Catholic World 230 (1987), 124–29.Google Scholar

22 Veverka, Fayette “For God and Country:” Catholic Schooling in the 1920s (New York: Garland Publishing, 1988); “The Ambiguity of Catholic Educational Separatism,” Religious Education 80 (I 985), 64– 1 00; and “Defining a Catholic Approach to Education in the United States, 1920–1950,” Religious Education 88 (1993), 523–42.Google Scholar

23 Augenstein, John J. Lighting the Way: The Early Years of Catholic School Superintendencv, 1908–1935 (Washington, DC: National Catholic Education Association, 1996), and “Chief Administrators of Catholic Education (CACE): Formative Years—1908–1935, Highlights and Footnotes,” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 106 (1995), 123–47; Horrigan, Donald C. “The Shaping of the NCEA,” Momentum (May, 1977), 18–24; (October, 1977), 34–40; (December, 1977), 31–4 1; (February, 1978), 4–13.Google Scholar

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25 Moreau, Joseph “Rise of the (Catholic) American Nation: United States History and Parochial Schools, 1878–1925,“ American Studies 38 (1997), 67–90.Google Scholar

26 Good examples of this are Ford, Elinor R. “The Saga of America's Catholic Inner City Schools,“ Momentum (October, 1979), 9–13, 53–54; and Elford, George “Catholic Schools and Bilingual Education,” Momentum (February, 1983), 35–37.Google Scholar

27 Gleason, Philip Keeping the Faith (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1987).Google Scholar

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29 Mitchell, Brian C. (ed.), Building the American Catholic City (New York: Garland Publishing, 1988). See especially the following essays: Kathleen Gavigan, “The Rise and Fall of Parish Cohesiveness in Philadelphia,” 109–133; Sanders, James W. “Boston Catholics and the School Question, 1825–1907,” 151–183; Obidinski, Eugene “Parochial School Foundations of Buffalo's Polonia,” 184–197; Abell, Aaron I. “The Urban Welfare Crusade: Charity Phase, 1865–85,” 224–250; and Walton, Susan S. “To Preserve the Faith: Catholic Charities in Boston, 1870–1930,” 251–303.Google Scholar

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36 E.g., Todes, David Uriah The History of Jewish Education in Philadelphia (Washington, D.C.: D.U. Todes, 1990).Google Scholar

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