¹ James VI and I, The political works of James I, ed. Charles McIlwain (New York, NY, 1965), p. 270.

² John Guy, ‘The 1590s: the second reign of Elizabeth I?’, in John Guy, ed., The reign of Elizabeth I: court and culture in the last decade (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 1–19.

³ Pauline Croft, ‘Brussels and London: the archdukes, Robert Cecil and James I’, in Werner Thomas and Luc Duerloo, eds., Albert and Isabella, 1598–1621: Essays (Brepols, 1998), pp. 79–86.

⁴ W. T. MacCaffrey, Elizabeth I: war and politics, 1588–1603 (New Haven, CT, 1992), pp. 220–45.

⁵ This unauthorized edition was published in 1600; a further edition was printed in 1603.

⁶ P. E. J. Hammer, ‘Patronage at court, faction and the earl of Essex’, in Guy, ed., Reign of Elizabeth I, pp. 65–86.

⁷ P. E. J. Hammer, ‘The smiling crocodile: the earl of Essex and late-Elizabethan “popularity”’, in Peter Lake and Steven Pincus, eds., The politics of the public sphere in early modern England (Manchester, 2007), pp. 95–115, at p. 86.

⁸ See for example, Annabel Patterson, Censorship and interpretation: the conditions of writing and reading in early modern England (Madison, WI, 1984); Marie Axton, The queen's two bodies: drama and the Elizabethan succession (London, 1977). For the sporadic nature of the enforcement of censorship, see Cyndia Susan Clegg, Press censorship in Elizabethan England (Cambridge, 1997).

⁹ John Guy, ‘The Elizabethan establishment and the ecclesiastical polity’, in Guy, ed., Reign of Elizabeth I, pp. 126–49; A. N. McLaren, Political culture in the reign of Elizabeth I: queen and commonwealth, 1558–1585 (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 9–10, 195–7; J. Sharpe, ‘Social strain and social dislocation’, in Guy, ed., Reign of Elizabeth I, pp. 192–211. Richard Bancroft is the assumed author of Daungerous positions and proceedings, published and practiced … for the presbiteriall discipline (1593).

¹⁰ A declaration of the causes mooving the queene of England to giue aide to the defence of the people afflicted and oppressed in the lowe countries (1585), p. 8 and passim.

¹¹ For important treatments of the ideological ramifications of Elizabeth's decision to support the Dutch in 1585 see especially S. L. Adams, ‘The Protestant cause: religious alliance with the European Calvinist communities as a political issue in England, 1585–1630’ (D.Phil. thesis, Oxford, 1973), pp. 24–42 and passim; idem, ‘Elizabeth I and the sovereignty of the Netherlands 1576–1585’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 14 (2004), pp. 309–19; R. B. Wernham, ‘England and the revolt of the Netherlands’, in J. S. Bromley and E. H. Kossmann, eds., Britain and the Netherlands (London, 1960), pp. 29–40.

¹² Recent works include Lake and Pincus, eds., Public sphere; Joad Raymond, Pamphlets and pamphleteering in early modern Britain (Cambridge, 2003); Natalie Mears, Queenship and political discourse in the Elizabethan realms (Cambridge, 2006).

¹³ ‘Introduction: Rethinking the public sphere in early modern England’, in Lake and Pincus, eds., Public sphere, pp. 1–30.

¹⁴ Raymond, Pamphlets and pamphleteering, pp. 98–160.

¹⁵ The following discussion is taken from R. B. Wernham, Return of the armadas: the last years of the Elizabethan war with Spain (Oxford, 1994); MacCaffrey, Elizabeth I: war and politics, pp. 196–298; P. E. J. Hammer, Elizabeth's wars: war, government and society in Tudor England, 1544–1604 (Basingstoke, 2003), pp. 190–235; Paul C. Allen, Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598–1621: the failure of grand strategy (New Haven, CT, and London, 2000); Nathan Goodman, Diplomatic relations between England and Spain with special reference to English opinion (Philadelphia, PA, 1925); Charles Wilson, Queen Elizabeth and the revolt in the Netherlands (London, 1970); Adams, ‘Protestant cause’; J. C. Grayson, ‘From protectorate to partnership: Anglo-Dutch relations, 1598–1625’ (Ph.D. thesis, London, 1978), pp. 19–47.

¹⁶ Geoffrey Parker, The grand strategy of Philip II (New Haven, CT, and London, 1998), pp. 278–9.

¹⁷ In November 1597, Henry sent the envoy Hurault de Maisse to Elizabeth, see G. B. Harrison, ed. and trans., A journal of all that was accomplished by Monsieur de Maisse ambassador in England from King Henri IV to Queen Elizabeth anno domini 1597 (London, 1931).

¹⁸ Cecil's mission can be read in Historical Manuscripts Commission: a calendar of the manuscripts of the Most Hon. the marquis of Salisbury, KG, &c, preserved at Hatfield House, Hertfordshire (HMC Salisbury), (12 vols., London, 1888–1973), viii, pp. 90–9, 104–12, 118–27, xxiii, pp. 10–74; Thomas Birch, An historical view of the negociations between the courts of England, France, and Brussels, from the year 1592 to 1617 (1749), pp. 97–164. Burghley made notes on the pros and cons of accepting a peace offered in the course of these negotiations, ‘Considerations of y^e motivation for a treaty of peace w[i]th the K. of Spayn’, British Library (BL), MS Lansdowne 103, fos. 243r–251v; and The National Archives (TNA), State Papers (SP), 12/266/3.

¹⁹ The Treaty of Vervins was published by Henry two weeks after its signature. For Elizabeth's response to Henry see G. G. Butler, The Edmondes papers: a selection from the correspondence of Sir Thomas Edmondes (Roxburghe Club, London, 1913) pp. 331–8.

²⁰ The terms were finally ratified by the States General of the United Provinces on 30 Dec.; Wernham, Return of the armadas, p. 243.

²¹ The fleet had been intended to attack England, but had been diverted to attack a Dutch fleet off the coast of the Azores; Parker, Grand strategy, p. 279. John Chamberlain reported the widespread panic in the capital at the perception of military unpreparedness for an invasion; N. E. McLure, ed., The letters of John Chamberlain (2 vols., Philadelphia, PA, 1939), i, pp. 80–5.

²² Allen, Pax Hispanica, pp. vii–x, 18–61.

²³ The marriage was formally celebrated on 8 Apr. 1599 (OS).

²⁴ Werner Thomas, ‘Andromeda unbound: the reign of Albert & Isabella in the Southern Netherlands, 1598–1621’, in Thomas and Duerloo, eds., Albert and Isabella, pp. 2–3.

²⁵ For Elizabeth's initially delighted response see De Maisse, Journal, p. 83.

²⁶ The Infanta issued a procuration giving absolute authority to Albert to govern on 20 May (OS); Thomas, ‘Andromeda unbound’, p. 3; Allen, Pax Hispanica, p. 18.

²⁷ P. Geyl, The revolt of the Netherlands, 1555–1609 (London, 1932), pp. 239–40.

²⁸ Croft, ‘Brussels and London’, p. 81; Wernham, Return of the armadas, p. 321; Arthur Collins, Letters and memorials of state in the reigns of Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth … (2 vols., 1746), ii, pp. 128, 130.

²⁹ Cecil confirmed his pessimism in a letter to his agent at the Scottish court; HMC Salisbury, x, pp. 93–4; Rowland Whyte was initially more positive about the forthcoming prospect of peace; Collins, Letters and memorials, ii, pp. 170–1; Goodman, Diplomatic relations, pp. 51–62.

³⁰ As the English commissioners set out for France in February, Essex had written a letter to Robert Cecil that warned that the Spanish did not intend a ‘trew peace’, and that safety for the allies rested in the continued pursuit of war; TNA, SP 78/41/177.

³¹ Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex, To Maister Anthony Bacon: an apologie of the earle of Essex against those which falsly and maliciously taxe him to be the onely hinderer of the peace, and quiet of his countrey (1600), sig. ar. Camden relates that Burghley presented Essex with with Psalm 55, verse 23: ‘Bloodthirsty and deceitful men shall not live out half their days’; Tomus alter annalium rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum regnante Elizabetha (hereafter Annales) (1627), p. 160. Sir Thomas Edmondes reported to Sir Robert Sydney on 15 July that rumours in Paris were that the English were so divided and ‘schismaticall’ over the peace that no decisions could be reached; Historical Manuscript Commission: report on the manuscripts of Lord De L'Isle & Dudley, preserved at Penshurst Place (2 vols., London, 1924–34), ii, p. 356

³² In a private conference at the end of June, Buckhurst unsuccessfully tried to persuade Oldenbarnevelt to accept his arguments for making peace; J. L. Motley, History of the United Netherlands: from the death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce – 1609 (4 vols., 1860–7), iii, pp. 495–6. Buckhurst was also described as the most ardent and consistent advocate of peace in the council's debates in 1602; H. S. Scott, ed., ‘Journal of Sir Roger Wilbraham, master of requests’, Camden Miscellany, Camden Fourth Series, 10 (London, 1902), pp. 49–50; for perceptions of Robert Cecil's inclination to peace in the negotiations leading up to the Boulogne conference see Goodman, Diplomatic relations, p. 38; Laffleur de Kermaingant, L'ambassade de France en Angleterre sous Henri IV: mission de J. de Thumery, Sieur de Boissise, 1598–1602 (Paris, 1886), pp. 336–7.

³³ Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin, eds., Tudor royal proclamations (3 vols., New Haven, CT, and London, 1964–9), iii, p. 86.

³⁴ TNA, SP 12/259/12. See P. E. J. Hammer, The polarization of Elizabethan politics: the political career of Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of Essex, 1565–1597 (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 246–7.

³⁵ Devereux, Apologie, sig. [b4]r.

³⁶ Ibid., sig. c2r.

³⁷ Ibid., sig. cr. Essex's intelligence agent in Venice, Dr Henry Hawkins, had warned at the end of February 1597 that the future Philip III was ‘very hott & importunate w[i]th his father to goe to these warres’, Lambeth Palace Library, MS 661, fo. 22r–v.

³⁸ Devereux, Apologie, sig. dv. For Essex and toleration see Hammer, Polarization of Elizabethan politics, pp. 174–8.

³⁹ Devereux, Apologie, sig. er.

⁴⁰ Ibid., sig. d3v.

⁴¹ Ibid. Essex also wilfully refused to take into account the massive expense demanded by military operations in Ireland. For the Cecils as builders see ‘Introduction’, in P. Croft, ed., Patronage, culture and power: the early Cecils (New Haven, CT, and London, 2002), pp. ix–x. No builder himself, Essex had massive debts from ploughing his own money into military campaigns; Hammer, Polarization of Elizabethan politics, pp. 227–9.

⁴² Ibid., pp. 143, 241–7, 260–1; Alexandra Gajda, ‘Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of Essex and political culture, c. 1595–c. 1600’ (D.Phil. thesis, Oxford, 2005), pp. 82–106.

⁴³ Devereux, Apologie, sig. a3r.

⁴⁴ Adams, ‘Protestant cause’, pp. 1–103; Blair Worden, The sound of virtue: Philip Sidney's Arcadia and Elizabethan politics (New Haven, CT, and London, 1996), pp. 219–94.

⁴⁵ Devereux, Apologie, sig. [D4r–v].

⁴⁶ Ibid., sig. c2r.

⁴⁷ Ibid., sig. c3v.

⁴⁸ The envoy Noel de Caron's dealings with Essex had been especially close since the earl's elevation to the Mastership of the Ordnance in 1596; Essex had also assumed some of Robert Cecil's secretarial duties when the latter was absent in France early in 1598, and copies of the arguments of the envoys of the States General survive in his hand and the hand of his secretary, Edward Reynolds; see HMC Salisbury, viii, pp. 20, 250, 257; Collins, Letters and Memorials, ii, pp. 48, 89.

⁴⁹ Devereux, Apologie, sig. c2r.

⁵⁰ Ibid., sig. c3r.

⁵¹ Oldenbarnevelt made exactly the same point to Sir Robert Cecil in the negotiations before Vervins; Wernham, Return of the armadas, p. 236.

⁵² Devereux, Apologie, sig. [c4v].

⁵³ A further printed version appeared in 1603, a Dutch translation the same year. In the British Library, in the Additional Manuscripts alone, are the following copies: MSS 4128, fos. 29–42v, 4129, fos. 1–15, 38137, fos. 161–72, 48063 (Yelverton MS 69), fos. 238–51, 72411, fos. 1–14.

⁵⁴ The appearance of the Apologie exacerbated Elizabeth's hostility to Essex, as she bridled at further evidence of the earl's ‘popularity’; Hammer, ‘Smiling crocodile’.

⁵⁵ Hammer, P. E. J., ‘Myth-making: politics, propaganda and the capture of Cadiz in 1596’, Historical Journal, 40 (1997), pp. 621–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵⁶ BL, MS Lansdowne 103, fos. 252r–257r.

⁵⁷ Inner Temple Library (ITL), MS Petyt 538, xlvi, fos. 36r–41r, 42r–46r.

⁵⁸ Ibid., fos. 47r–48v, 103r–106v, 130r–134v, 139r–140r. Further copies are BL, MS Cotton, Galba dxii, fos. 188r–198r and BL, MS Stowe, 164, fos. 86r–89r.

⁵⁹ BL, MS Stowe 161, fos. 37r–64r, ‘A discourse touching the peace’; a copy is BL, MS Stowe 151, fos. 74r–96r.

⁶⁰ BL, MS Cotton, Caligula eix, ii, fo. 155r–v; BL, MS Cotton, Titus cvii, fos. 146r–148r.

⁶¹ BL, MS Cotton, Titus cvii, fos. 3r–4v.

⁶² Camden, Annales, p. 155; ‘Accurate interim discpeatur in Anglia, an in reipub. & Reginae rem esset, pacem cum Hispano pacisci.’

⁶³ ITL, MS Petyt 538, xlvi, fo. 36v.

⁶⁴ Ibid., fo. 44r.

⁶⁵ BL, MS Stowe 161, fo. 38v.

⁶⁶ See above, pp. 6–7.

⁶⁷ ITL, Petyt MS 538, xlvi, fo. 36r.

⁶⁸ BL, MS Stowe 161, fo. 58v; ITL, Petyt MS 538, xlvi, fo. 38r.

⁶⁹ BL, MS Stowe 161, fo. 49r; ITL, Petyt MS 538, vol. xlvi, fo. 40v.

⁷⁰ Ibid., fos. 39r, 45v.

⁷¹ Ibid., fo. 44v.

⁷² BL, MS Stowe 161, fos. 49r–v.

⁷³ ITL, MS Petyt 538, vol. xlvi, fos. 38r, 39r, 46r.

⁷⁴ Ibid., fo. 47r.

⁷⁵ BL, MS Cotton, Titus cvii, fo. 147r.

⁷⁶ Ibid., fo. 146r.

⁷⁷ Ibid., fo. 148r.

⁷⁸ ITL, MS Petyt 538, lxvi, fos. 48r, 47v.

⁷⁹ BL, MS Lansdowne 103, fo. 249v, Burghley's notes on the proposals put forward by Henry IV before the Treaty of Vervins.

⁸⁰ BL, MS Cotton, Titus cvii, fos. 146r–148r.

⁸¹ ITL, MS Petyt 538, lxvi, fo. 48r; the notes corrected by Beale typically detailed how the Low Countries might be pacified with ‘a ratification of all former priuiledges as they weare in the time of the Emperor Charles’, and proposed the establishment of a Council of State, staffed entirely by natives of the Low Countries; BL, MS Lansdowne 103, fos. 254v–255r.

⁸² ITL, MS Petyt 538, lxvi, fo. 47v.

⁸³ BL, MS Cotton Titus cvii, fos. 3r–4v.

⁸⁴ ITL, MS Petyt 538, lxvi, fo. 47r.

⁸⁵ BL, MS Cotton Titus cvii, fos. 3v–4r.

⁸⁶ Ibid., fos. 147r–v; see also Camden, Annales, pp. 155–60.

⁸⁷ See in particular Worden, Sound of virtue, ch. 16; Phillips, James E., ‘George Buchanan and the Sidney circle’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 12 (1948), pp. 23–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gajda, Alexandra, ‘The State of Christendom: history, political thought and the Essex circle’, Historical Research, 81 (2008), pp. 423–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸⁸ The apologie or defence of the most noble Prince William, by the grace of God, Prince of Orange (1581). See Martin Van Gelderen, The political thought of the Dutch revolt, 1555–1590 (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 151–3.

⁸⁹ H. P., A short apologie for Christian souldiours: wherein is conteined, how that we ought both to propagate, and also if neede require, to defende by force of armes, the Catholike Church of Christ, against the tyrannie of Antichrist and his adherentes (1588), unpaginated. The printer was John Wolfe, of whom, see below. J. H. M. Salmon, The French wars of religion in English political thought (Oxford, 1959), pp. 15–20. Salmon points out that other treatises containing ‘Huguenot theoretical views’ that endorsed resistance, including Francois Hotman's Francogallia (1573) and Theodore de Béze's Du droit des magistrates sur leurs sujects (1574), were not translated for publication in English.

⁹⁰ Thomas Bilson, The true difference between Christian subiection and unchristian rebellion: wherein the princes lawfull power to commound for trueth, and indepriuable right to beare the sword are defended against the Popes censures and the Iesuits sophismes vttered in their apologie and defence of English Catholikes: with a demonstration that the thinges refourmed in the Church of England by the lawes of this realme are truely Catholike, notwithstanding the vaine shew made to the contrary in their late Rhemish Testament (Oxford), pp. 509–16 passim.

⁹¹ Alberico Gentili, De iure belli libri tres, ed. Coleman Phillipson, trans. John C. Rolfe (2 vols., Oxford and London, 1933), ii, pp. 20, 50–1, 77–8; Gezina van den Molen, Alberico Gentili and the development of international law: his life, work and times (Leiden, 1968), pp. 227–35; Diego Panizza, Alberico Gentili, giurista ideologico nell'Inghilterra elisabettiana (Padua, 1981).

⁹² ‘Justum id bellum quibus necessarium, copia arma, quibus nulla, nisi in armis, spes est’, Devereux, Apologie, sig. ev; Gentili, De iure belli libri tres, i, p. 59; see Hammer, Polarization of Elizabethan politics, pp. 239–40, and n. 224.

⁹³ Noel de Caron, the Dutch agent at Elizabeth's court, alternated warnings about the dangers of Spanish Netherlands with reassurance that the Dutch were sincere in their hostility to accommodation with the obedient South; Collins, Letters and memorials, ii, pp. 170–2; Kermaingant, L'ambassade de France en Angleterre, pp. 87, 99, 121; Motley, United Netherlands, iv, pp. 594–8.

⁹⁴ Astrid Stilma, ‘Justifying war: Dutch translations of Scottish books around 1600’, in Andrew Hiscock, ed., Mighty Europe 1400–1700: the writing of an early modern continent (New York, NY, 2007), pp. 58–9; Craig Harline, Pamphlets, printing and political culture in the Dutch Republic (Dordrecht, 1987).

⁹⁵ The news pamphlets were typically in quarto. One contemporary book inventory valued a news pamphlet relating to the Low Countries at 1d; Raymond, Pamphlets and pamphleteering, p. 4.

⁹⁶ Ibid., pp. 16–17, 26.

⁹⁷ See James K. Lowers, Mirrors for rebels: a study of polemical literature relating to the Northern Rebellion, 1569 (Berkley, CA, and Los Angeles, CA, 1953).

⁹⁸ Raymond, Pamphlets and pamphleteering, pp. 100–1.

⁹⁹ Lisa Ferraro Parmelee, Good newes from Fraunce: French anti-League propaganda in Elizabethan England (New York, NY, 1996), p. 31; also Paul J. Voss, Elizabethan news pamphlets: Shakespeare, Spenser, Marlowe & the Birth of journalism (Pittsburgh, PA, 2001).

¹⁰⁰ From the early 1590s Wolfe began farming out the actual printing of his work to printers such as John Windet, while Richard Field also published a large number of the French translations. See Denis B. Woodfield, Surreptitious printing in England, 1550–1640 (New York, NY, 1973), pp. 24–34.

¹⁰¹ Victor Houliston, Catholic resistance in Elizabethan England: Robert Persons's Jesuit polemic, 1580–1610 (Aldershot, 2007).

¹⁰² Parmelee, Good newes from Fraunce, pp. 7–8, 97–117; Guy, ‘Introduction’, in Guy, ed., Reign of Elizabeth I, pp. 1–19.

¹⁰³ Voss and Parmelee are solely concerned with the French news pamphlet.

¹⁰⁴ Figures taken from my analysis of tracts from A. W. Pollard and G. R. Redgrave, revised by W. A. Jackson, F. S. Ferguson and K. F. Pantzer, A short-title catalogue of books printed in England, Scotland and Ireland, and of English books printed abroad, 1475–1640 (3 vols., London, 1976–91); and D. C. Collins, A handlist of newspamphlets, 1590–1610 (London, 1943).

¹⁰⁵ Other publishers of Dutch pamphlets included Peter Short and Matthew Law.

¹⁰⁶ Wolfe made particular use of one translator, H. W., whose identity is unclear.

¹⁰⁷ Philip II, king of Spain, trans. H. W., A true coppie of the transportation of the Lowe Countries, Burgundie, and the countie of Charrolois: done by the king of Spayne, for the dowrie of his eldest daughter. Giuen in marriage vnto the Cardinall Albert, duke of Austria, vvith the articles and conditions of the same, signed by the king in Madrill (1598), [p. 27], printed by J. Roberts for Paul Linley. The Dutch title is Copye van het transport … van de Nederlanden/Bourgoignen/ende Graefschappe van Charrolois, which was printed in several editions in the Netherlands. I am indebted to Monica Stensland for tracing the originals.

¹⁰⁸ Anon., True coppie of the transportation, p. 6.

¹⁰⁹ Ibid., p. 8.

¹¹⁰ Ibid., p. 24.

¹¹¹ Isabella Clara Eugenia, A coppie of the proclamation made by the illustrious Infanta … touching the defence, interdiction and restraint of all communication, dealing and trafficke with Holland, Zeland and their adherents (1599); United Provinces, States General, A proclamation of the lords the General States, of the vnited Prouinces, whereby the Spaniards and all their goods are declared to be lawfull prize (1599).

¹¹² See above.

¹¹³ Anon., A copie of a certaine letter: written by a person of reputation, to a prelate of Brabant, being at Brussels (1599), sig. a3r. The Dutch original is Copye van seekeren brief cheschreven by een van qualiteyt, aen den abt van N. wesende tot Bruyssel, published in several editions anonymously.

¹¹⁴ Anon., Copie of a certaine letter, sig. [a4v].

¹¹⁵ Ibid., sigs. b2v–b3v.

¹¹⁶ Ibid., sig. br–v.

¹¹⁷ Ibid., sig. [b4r–v].

¹¹⁸ Both were translated by ‘H. W.’ Dutch versions are Copie van seker refereyn by de overheerde Nederlandtsche Provintien … Met oock der Hollanders antwoorde …, published anonymously, and Antwoordt op het tweede refereyn, by de overheerde Nederlantsche Provintien aen Hollant gheschreven … te bewegen, vrede te maken met den Spangiaert, published by Laurens Jacobsz in Amsterdam. An edition of the first text was also published in Edinburgh by Robert Waldegrave, also in 1598.

¹¹⁹ The English version of the Coppie of the admonitions also replicates (with translated inscriptions) the frontispiece engraving from the Dutch version.

¹²⁰ Anon., trans. H. W. The second admonition, sent by the subdued prouinces to Holland, thereby to entice them by faire-seeming reasons, groundlesse threates, and vnlike examples to make peace with the Spaniards: with the Hollanders aunswere to the same (1598), p. 7.

¹²¹ Ibid., p. 12.

¹²² Anon., trans. H. W., A true coppie of the admonitions sent by the subdued provinces to the states of Hollande: and the Hollanders answere to the same. Together vvith the articles of peace concluded betweene the high and mightie princes, Phillip by the grace of God King of Spaine, &c. and Henry the Fourth by the same grace, the most Christian King of France (1598), unpaginated.

¹²³ Anon., Second admonition, p. 8.

¹²⁴ Ibid., p. 11.

¹²⁵ Ibid., p. 13.

¹²⁶ Ibid., p. 25.

¹²⁷ Ibid., p. 26.

¹²⁸ Ibid., pp. 27–8.

¹²⁹ Parmelee, Good newes from Fraunce, p. 33.

¹³⁰ Ibid., pp. 35–7.

¹³¹ In May 1598 George Gilpin wrote to Essex from The Hague about the disruptive pamphleteering in favour of peace or war that followed the publication of the Treaty of Vervins; HMC Salisbury, viii, pp. 178–9.

¹³² Birch, Negotiations, pp. 170–2.

¹³³ Stilma, ‘Justifying war’, p. 62.

¹³⁴ Personal communication from Dr Stilma.

¹³⁵ Hammer, ‘Propaganda and the capture of Cadiz’; Gajda, ‘State of Christendom’, pp. 427–8.

¹³⁶ Essex waited until consternation about the book became evident before requesting Whitgift to investigate the text; John Manning, ed., The first and second parts of John Hayward's The life and raigne of King Henrie IIII, Camden Fourth Series, 42 (London, 1991), pp. 18–19.

¹³⁷ Clegg, Press censorship, pp. 198–217.

¹³⁸ The tract had even been licensed by Abraham Hartwell, a secretary of Whitgift; E. Arber, A transcript of the registers of the Company of Stationers of London, 1554–1640 AD (5 vols., London, 1875–94), iii, p. 43.

¹³⁹ Quentin Skinner, ‘Classical liberty, renaissance translation and the English Civil War’, in Visions of Politics, ii:Renaissance virtues (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 308–43.

¹⁴⁰ Malcolm Smuts, ‘The making of rex pacificus:. James VI and I and the problem of peace in an age of religious war’, in Daniel Fisclin and Mark Fortier, eds., Royal subjects: essays on the writings of James VI and I (Detroit, IL, 2002), p. 378.