The number of spectroscopically confirmed galaxies at high redshift is increasing rapidly, with many being found efficiently by deep optical imaging and color selection. In parallel, a confluence of technical developments is bringing rapid progress to the domain of observations of cold gas and dust at high redshift. Large telescopes operating at high, dry sites, with a new generation of sensitive detectors, together with recent satellite missions, are opening up new areas of study through observations of dust continuum emission and associated atomic and molecular emission and absorption lines. These data bear directly on fundamental questions of cosmic evolution by probing the ordinary cool material that forms stars and fuels active galactic nuclei. Analysis of data from the COBE satellite confirms the presence of a diffuse far-infrared background from a widespread population of distant dusty objects. The global energetics of the optical and far-infrared backgrounds suggest that perhaps half of distant activity may be enshrouded by dust. Understanding the nature and redshifts of the sources responsible for these emissions is profoundly important. The intent of Joint Discussion 9, between Division X (Radio Astronomy) and Division XIII (Galaxies and the Universe), was to provide a forum to present observations from this newly accessible realm and to consider the astrophysical implications.