¹ In fact the unity of the Letter as a whole has been questioned for one reason or another. J. Kinoshita, Romans — Two Writings Combined. A New Interpretation of the Body of Romans, Nov. Test. 7 (1965), 258–77 says that Paul wrote two letters, one to the Gentiles and another, a manual of instruction on Jewish problems, to the Jews. The two were combined later. For textual evidence pointing to a recension shorter than ours see Lake, Kirsopp, The Earlier Epistles of St. Paul (2 ed.; London: Rivingtons, 1927), 327–47Google Scholar.

² Die Verse Rom. 3, 22b–26 und ihre Stellung innerhalb der ersten des Römerbriefs, Kapitel, ZNW 10(1909), 180–83Google Scholar.

³ Theology of the New Testament (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1951), I, 46Google Scholar. Cf. his earlier publication, Neueste Paulusforschung, Theologische Rundschau 8 (1936), 11, 12Google Scholar.

⁴ Zum Verständnis von Römer 3, 24–26, ZNW 43 (1950–51), 150–54Google Scholar.

⁵ W. G. Kümmel, Paresis und endeixis: Ein Beitrag zum Verständnis der paulinischen Rechtfertigungslehre, ZTK 49(1952), 154–67Google Scholar; Hunter, A. M., Paul and His Predecessors (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1961), 120–22Google Scholar; Lohse, Eduard, Märtyrer und Gottesknecht: Untersuchungen zur urchristlichen Verkundigung von Sühntod Jesu Christi (2 ed.; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1963), 149–54Google Scholar. For an excellent discussion of the whole matter see John Reumann, The Gospel of the Righteousness of God, Pauline Reinterpretation in Romans 3:21–31, Interpretation 20 (1966), 432–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶ A Non-Pauline Fragment at Romans 3:24–26?, JBL 85(1966), 287–96Google Scholar. For another alteration see G. Fitzer, Der Ort der Versöhnung nach Paulus. Zu der Frage des “Sühnopfers Jesu,” Theol. Zeit. 22 (1966), 161–83Google Scholar.

⁷ Talbert cites Col. 1:15, Phil. 2:6, 1 Tim. 3:16, Tit. 2:14, Rom. 4:25. Ibid., 289.

⁸ There is an AB, ABC, ABCD stylistic structure in the verses as they now stand:

I

(A) δν προθετο θες ἱλαστριον

(B) δι πστεως ν τῷ αὐτο αἵματι

II

(A) εἰς ἔνδειξιν τς δικαιοσνης αὐτο

(B) δι τν πρεσιν τν προγεγοντων μαρτημτων

(C) ν τῇ νοχῇ το θεο

III

(A) πρς τν ἔνδειξιν τς δικαιοσνης αὐτο

(B) ν τῷ νν καιρῷ

(C) εἰς τ εἶναι αὐτν δκαιον

(D) κα δικαιοντα τν κ πστεως Ἰησο.

⁹ A concessive participle appears to be in order here. The sentence will be translated then, “For all have sinned … although they are justified freely.”

¹⁰ Bo Reicke, Paul's Understanding of Righteousness, Soli Deo Gloria, New Testament Studies in Honor of William Childs Robinson, ed. Richards, J. McDowell (Richmond: John Knox Press, 1968), 41Google Scholar.

¹¹ For analyses of δικαιοσνη and its cognate forms see Sanday, William and Headlam, A. C., The Epistle to the Romans, ICC Series (5 ed.; Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1907), 28–31Google Scholar, 34–39; Dodd, C. H., The Bible and the Greeks (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1935), 42–59Google Scholar.

¹² Bultmann, Theol. of NT, I, 285. See also his more recent DIKAIOSUNE THEOU, JBL 83 (1964), 12ffGoogle Scholar. Schlatter, Adolf, Gottes Gerechtigkeit: Ein Kommentar zum Römerbrief (3 ed.; Stuttgart: Calwer, 1959)Google Scholar.

¹³ Vincent Taylor, Great Texts Reconsidered, The Expository Times 50 (1938–39), 297Google Scholar; Käsemann, Ernst, Gottesgerechtigkeit bei Paulus, ZTK 58 (1961), 367–78Google Scholar. For an assessment of Käsemann's position see Hans Conzelmann, Current Problems in Pauline Research, Interpretation 22 (1968), 178–82Google Scholar.

¹⁴ For a discussion see Barrett, C. K., A Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (New York: Harper, 1957), 74–76Google Scholar.

¹⁵ For an elaboration of each of these views and their historical significance see Aulén, Gustaf, Christus Victor (London: SPCK, 1965)Google Scholar.

¹⁶ The Epistle of Paul to the Romans (London: Fontana Books, 1959), 77, 78Google Scholar.

¹⁷ See especially T. W. Manson, ἹΛACTHRION, JTS 46, 1–10.

¹⁸ The Meaning of ἹΛAΣTHRION in Romans III. 25, NTS 2 (1956), 33–43Google Scholar.

¹⁹ The Bible and the Greeks, 82–95.

²⁰ Stanislas Lyonnet makes a case for the translation “intercession” rather than “expiation.” His evidence is the rendition of the Hebrew and Greek verbs kipper and hilaskesthai in the Latin versions. See Expiation et intercession. A propos d'une traduction de saint Jérôme, Biblica 40 (1959), 885–901Google Scholar; Expiation et intercession. Note complémentaire: Ie témoignage des anciennes versions latines, Biblica 41 (1960), 158–67Google Scholar.

²¹ Rudolf Bultmann, Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. Gerhard Kittel (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1964), I, 511.

²² Synonyms of the New Testament (New York: Macmillan, 1880), 110ffGoogle Scholar.

²³ See for example John R. MacKay, Romans iii. 26, The Expository Times 32 (1920–21), 329fGoogle Scholar.

²⁴ Taylor, The Expository Times 50(1938–39), 298; H. G. Meecham, Romans iii. 25f., iv. 25 — The Meaning of δι c. acc., The Expository Times 50 (1938–39), 564Google Scholar.

²⁵ Bruce, F. F., The Epistle of Paul to the Romans (London: Tyndale Press, 1963), 107fGoogle Scholar.

²⁶ Althaus, Paul, Der Brief an die Römen (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1966), 34Google Scholar.

²⁷ See the penetrating remarks of William E. Wilson, Romans iii. 25, 26, The Expository Times 29(1917–18), 472Google Scholar, 473.

²⁸ For a discussion of the construction see my Notes and Observations on the “Faith of Christ,” HTR 60(1967), 459–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁹ The construction occurs at least seven times in the Pauline Corpus, i.e., Rom. 3:22, 26; Gal. 2:16 (twice), 3:22; Eph. 3:12; and Philip. 3:9. For treatment of the subject see MacKnight, James, Apostolic Epistles (Boston: Wells and T. B. Wait and Co., 1810), I, 232Google Scholar; Lange, J. P. and Fay, F. R., The Epistle of Paul to the Romans (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1869), 129Google Scholar; Haussleiter, J., Der Glaube Jesu Christi und der christliche Glaube (Leipzig, 1891)Google Scholar; Robinson, John A. T., The Body, A Study in Pauline Theology (London: SCM Press, 1952), 63Google Scholar, n.1; Gabriel Hebert, Faithfulness and “Faith,” Theology 58 (1955), 373–79Google Scholar; Schlatter, Adolf, Gottes Gerechtigkeit (Stuttgart: Calwer, 1959), 140Google Scholar; Thomas Torrance, One Aspect of the Biblical Conception of Faith, The Expository Times 68 (1957), 113Google Scholar; Murray, John, The Epistle to the Romans (London: Marshall, Morgan, and Scott, Ltd., 1960), I, 363–74Google Scholar; Schmidt, Hans Wilhelm, Der Brief des Paulus an die Römer (Berlin: Evangelische Verlaganstalt, 1963), 64Google Scholar; Ljungman, Henrik, Pistis, A Study of Its Presuppositions and Its Meaning in Pauline Use (Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup, 1964), 37–47Google Scholar; Taylor, G. M., The Function of PISTIS CHRISTOU in Galatians, JBL 85 (1966), 58–76Google Scholar; Erwin R. Goodenough with A. T. Kraabel, Paul and the Hellenization of Christianity, Religions in Antiquity: Essays in Memory of Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough, ed. Neusner, Jacob (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1967), 35–80Google Scholar.

³⁰ By actual count πστις means “trust” 9 times in the works of Josephus, while it means “faithfulness” 62 times, according to the translators of the Loeb edition. For its meaning in the LXX see Dodd, The Bible and The Greeks, 68f.

³¹ Homily vii. The text is taken from The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom: The Epistle of St. Paul the Apostle to the Romans, tr. by J. B. Morris and W. H. Simcox. Vol. XI of The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, ed. by Schaff, P. (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, R. D. 1956), 379Google Scholar.