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The European Elections of 1994 and the Future of the European Union

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2014

John Pinder
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Extract

Between The European Elections of June 1989 and those of June 1994, the voters had to digest an extraordinary diet of change. The cold war ended, leading to the unification of Germany and replacing one monolithic security problem by a diversity of problems, including, most agonizingly, Bosnia. The Soviet Union disintegrated. Recession brought unemployment above 10 per cent for the European Union as a whole. Many were bemused by the complexity of the Maastricht Treaty and the political conflicts engendered by some of its major elements. Foremost among these was the project for the single currency, promoted by France in order to anchor Germany yet more firmly in the Union. The idea of a ‘common defence’ as a backbone for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) also had this motivation.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Government and Opposition , Volume 29 , Issue 4 , 01 October 1994 , pp. 494 - 514
Copyright
Copyright © Government and Opposition Ltd 1994

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References

1 For a full analysis of the Parliament’s powers, see Corbett, Richard, ‘Representing the People’, in Duff, Andrew, Pinder, John, Pryce, Roy (eds), Maastricht and Beyond: Building the European Union, London, Routledge, 1994.Google Scholar

2 Eunbarometer, No. 31, Brussels, June 1989, Table B4; No. 40, Dec.1993, Table 15.

3 Eurabarometer, No. 31, June 1989, Table A2; No. 41, July 1994, Table 15.

4 Eurobarometer, No. 31, June 1989, Table B8; No. 40, Dec. 1993, Table 24; No. 41, July 1994, Table 4.

5 See Hrbek, Rudolf, ‘Das neue Europäische Parlament: mehr Vielfalt – weniger Handlungifahigkeit?’, Integration 3/94, p. 159.Google Scholar

6 The statistics on party representation are from European Parliament, Results and Elected Members, June 1994, and from provisional tables supplied by the Parliament.

7 The minimum number of MEPs required to form a group is 26 from one member state, 21 from two member states, sixteen from three and thirteen from four.

8 Hebek op. cit., p. 160.

9 European People’s Party, Manifesto for the European flections 1994, London, Conservative Central Office, February 1994.

10 European Liberal, Democrat and Reform Group, Building a Citizens’ Europe: Elation Manifesto 1994, Brussels, 1994.

11 Party of European Socialists, Manifesto Jot the elections to the European Parliament of June 1994, London, European Parliamentary Labour Party, 1994.

12 Il Sole – 24 On, 12 July 1994.

13 Eurobaremeter, No. 41, July 1994, Table 3.

14 Le Monde, 30 May 1994.

15 A Strong Britain in a Strong Europe: The Conservative Manifesto for Europe 1994, London, Conservative Central Office, 1994.

16 Unlocking, Britain’s Potential: Liberal Democrat European Election Manifesto, London, Liberal Democrats, 1994.

17 Make Europe work for you: Labour’s Election Manifesto for the European Elections, June 1994, London, The Labour Party, 1994.

18 See Conservatives out the EPP, European Conservative Brief No. 5, Conservatives in the European Parliament, 1994, and ‘Background Note’ attached to Manifesto for the European elections 1994 (n. 9, above).

19 The information from election communications comes from a collection of approximately one in five of all candidates’ communications, held by the European Movement, London.

20 Glenys Kinnock, now MEP for South Wales East, Election Communication.

21 Tom Spencer, MEP for Surrey and now Chairman of the European Democrats in the Parliament, Election Communication..

22 Graham Mather, now MEP for Hampshire North and Oxford, Election Communication.