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7 In the prestigious Veröffentlichungen, Abendroth was present only with a short comment (Id., 85–92). He published his argument instead in the Festschrift for political scientist Bergsträssser: Zum Begriff des demokratischen und sozialen Rechtstaates im Grundgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Festschrift Ludwig Bergsträsser, 279 (1954).Google Scholar

8 See Heller, Hermann I., Rechtsstaat oder Diktatur? (199129), reprinted in Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. 2, 451 (1971). See Michael Stolleis, Geschichte des öffentlichen Rechts in Deutschland, Band 3: Staats- und Verwaltungsrechtswissenschaft in Republik und Diktatur 1914–1945, 183–186; Wolfgang Schluchter, Entscheidung für den sozialen Rechtsstaat: Herrmann Heller und die staatstheoretische Diskussion in der Weimarer Republik, 2nd ed. (1983); Dyzenhaus, D., Legality and Legitimacy: Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Herrmann Heller in Weimar (1997).Google Scholar

9 See, Caldwell, Peter C., Is a ‘Social Rechtsstaat’ Possible? The Weimar Roots of a Bonn Controversy, in From Liberal Democracy to Fascism: Legal and Political Thought in the Weimar Republic, 136–153, (P. C. Caldwell & W.E. Scheuerman, eds., 2000). See the Special Issue on Social Democracy of the 17 Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence on Social Democracy (C. Harvey ed. 2004).Google Scholar

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13 The first to proclaim the turn to proceduralisation was R. Wiethölter in his analysis of the Constitutional court's judgment in the co-determination litigation; see his article, Entwicklung des Rechtsbegriffs (am Beispiel des BVG-Urteils zum Mitbestimmungsgesetz und – allgemeiner – an Beispielen des sog. Sonderprivatrechts), in Rechtsformen der Verflechtung von Staat und Wirtschaft, 38–59 (V. Gessner & G. Winter eds., 1982), and later Proceduralisation of the Category of Law, in Critical Legal Thought: An American-German Debate, 501–510 (Christian Joerges & D.M. Trubek, eds., 1989). Habermas has elaborated his position in Between Facts and Norms (note 10), 388.Google Scholar

14 Teubner, Gunther, Substantive and Reflexive Elements in Modern Law, 17 Law and Society Review 239–285 (1983).Google Scholar

15 See his Flexibilisierungsstrategie, – Alternativen zum, Steuerungsstaat’ — “Reflexives Ewchr” – ‘Prozedeuralisierung’ – ‘Ökologisches Recht', in Workshop zu Konzepten des postinterventionistischen Rechts, 311–335 (G. Brüggemeier & Christian Joerges eds. 1984); From Universalistic Law to the Law of Uncertainty: On the Decay of the Legal Order's ‘Totalizing Teleology’ as Treated in the Methodological Discussion and its Critique from the Left, in Critical Legal Thought: An American-German Debate, 567–590 (Christian Joerges & D.M. Trubek eds., 1989).Google Scholar

16 See the pertinent publications of Norbert Reich in the early 80s, e.g. his The Regulatory Crisis: American Approaches in the Light of European Experiences, American bar Association Journal 693–704 (1983).Google Scholar

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19 See supra note 5. For a controversial renewal of this argument see Götz Aly, Hitler's Volksstaat. Raub, Rassemkrieg und nationaler Sozialismus (2005); The Nazis cared about the welfare of their Volksgenossen and underlines uncomfortable continuities in social policies up to the present.Google Scholar

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21 On the following see further, Joerges, Christian & Rödl, F., The ‘Social Market Economy’ as Europe's Social Model?, EUI Working Paper Law No. 2004/8, in A European Social Citizenship? Preconditions for Future Policies in Historical Light, 125 (Lars Magnusson & Bo Stråth eds., 2005); Christian Joerges, What is left of the European Economic Constitution? A Melancholic Eulogy, 30 European Law Review 461 (2005). For a recent modification which focuses on the deconstruction of the German variety of capitalism, see M. Höpner & A. Schäfer, Eine neue Phase der europäischen Integration: Legitimitätsdefizite europäischer Liberalisierungspolitik, in Die politische Ökonomie der europäischen Integration 129 (M. Höpner & A. Schäfer eds., 2008).Google Scholar

22 Scharpf, F.W., The European Social Model: Coping with the Challenges of Diversity, 40 Journal of Common Market Studies 645 (2002).Google Scholar

23 Id., 645.Google Scholar

24 Leibfried, S. & Zürn, M., The National Configuration of the State in the Golden Age, in Transformations of the State, 93 (St. Leibfried & M. Zürn eds., 2005) and J. Ruggie, International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order, 36 International Organization 379 (1982).Google Scholar

25 European integration was, in its early years, by no means, an uncontested project among the protagonists of ordo-liberalism. See Wegmann, Milène, Früher Neoliberalismus und europäische Integration: Interdependenz der nationalen, supranationalen und internationalen Ordnung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (1932-1965) 297, 351(2002). Her analysis accords with the enquiry into the politics of competition policy in preparation of the EC-treaty by Y. Karagiannis, Preference Heterogeneity and Equilibrium Institutions: The Case of European Competition Policy, PhD Thesis EUI Florence 2007, Ch. 7.Google Scholar

26 The importance of the ordo-liberal school in Germany's private and economic law academia qand all of germany's important advisory institutions contrast markedly with its neglect by Germany's Staatsrechtslehre (public and constitutional law) and in the social sciences (for notable exceptions see Ph. Manow, Modell Deutschland as an interdenominational compromise, Working Paper 003/2001, Minda De Gunzburg Centre for European Studies.; A. Ebner, The intellectual foundations of the social market economy. Theory, policy, and implications for European integration, 33 Journal of Economic Studies 206 (2006). Publications in English are rare. All the more important is M. Foucault, Naissance de la biopolitique. Cours au Collège de France, (2004), in particular the lectures of 7 February (at 105–134) and of 14 February 1979 (at 135–164). See also the references in Christian Joerges, What is left of the European Economic Constitution? – A Melancholic Eulogy, 30 European Law Review 461, 465 (2005).Google Scholar

27 See, path breaking, Weiler, J.H.H., The Community System: the Dual Character of Supranationalism, 1 Yearbook of European Law 257 (1981).Google Scholar

28 Most recently, Vauchet, A., 'Integration-through-Law'. Contribution to a Socio-history of EU Political Common sense, EUI Working Paper RSCAS 2008/10.Google Scholar

29 See among the classical studies by Jürgen Habermas his Towards a Reconstruction of Historical Materialism, in Jürgen Habermas on Society and Politics, 114 (S. Seidman ed., 1989).Google Scholar

30 Thus, , Tony Judt, Postwar. A History of Europe Since 1945 777 (2005).Google Scholar

31 Interestingly enough, German ordo-liberalism was well accustomed to this problématique. Its early proponents conceptualised it as the interdependence³¹ of societal and economic “orders” (See, most famously, Walter Eucken, Grundzüge der Wirtschaftspolitik, 180 (1990); out of the rich literature on the interdependence theorem, see M. Wegmann (note 25), in particular 369.Google Scholar

32 Commission of the EC, Commission White Paper to the European Council on Completion of the Internal Market, COM (85) 310 final of 14 June 1985.Google Scholar

33 See, on the following in more detail, Joerges, Christian, Economic Law, the Nation-State and the Maastricht Treaty, in Europe after Maastricht: an Ever Closer Union?, 29 (R. Dehousse ed., 1994).Google Scholar

34 See Streit, M. & Mussler, W., The Economic Constitution of the European Community. From ‘Rome’ to ‘Maastricht', 1 European Law Journal, 5 (1995) and previously M. Streit, Soziale Marktwirtschaft im europäischen Integrationsprozeß: Befund und Perspektiven, in 50 Jahre Soziale Marktwirtschaft, 177 (B. Cassel ed., 1998).Google Scholar

35 As an indicator of a new confidence see B. Bercusson. S. Deakin, P. Kotsitinen, Y. Kravaritou, U. Mückenberger. A. Supiot & Veneziani, B., A Manifesto for Social Europe, 3 European Law Journal 189 (1997) claiming that the Charter of the Fundamental social Rights of Workers be combined with Maastricht Protocol on Social policy so as to “lay the legal foundations for a dynamic European social constitution.”Google Scholar

36 Available at http://europa.eu.int/council/off/conclu/mar2000/index.htm, last accessed 14 February 2009.Google Scholar

37 See G. de Burca & J. Scott eds), Law and New Governance in the EU and the US, (2006). Continental lawyers tend to be more sceptical. See the references in Christian Joerges, Integration Through De-Legalisation?, 33 European law Review 219, 311 notes 9 and 11 (2008); more recently see Ch. Möllers, Die Governance-Konstellation: Transnationale Beobachtung durch öffentliches Recht, in Governance in einer sich wandelnden Welt, PVS-Sonderheft, 238, 254 (G.F. Schuppert & M.Zürn eds., 2008).Google Scholar

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39 On the following see further, Ph. Manow, Modell Deutschland as an interdenominational compromise, Working Paper 003/2001, Minda De Gunzburg Centre for European Studies.; A. Ebner, The intellectual foundations of the social market economy. Theory, policy, and impolications for European Integration, 33 Journal of Economic Studies 206 (2006); Christian Joerges & F. Rödl, The ‘Social Market Economy’ as Europe's Social Model?, in A European Social Citizenship? Preconditions for Future Policies in Historical Light, 125 (L. Magnusson & B. Stråth eds., 2005).Google Scholar

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41 Its inclusion among the objectives of the Union is all the more remarkable, however, in the light of a seminal judgment of the German Constitutional Court of 1954 (BVerfGE 4, 7 ff.) which held that the constitution leaves the decision on the order of the economy to (the) Parliament. That holding was in line with opinion prevailing among the great majority of German Constitutional lawyers who all insisted upon the primacy of the legislature elected in accordance with majoritarian democratic values, even in instances where its policies have appeared opportunistic and unprincipled. Germany's post-war constitutionalism was in that respect closer to Hermann Heller's than to the visions of Ordo-liberalism.Google Scholar

42 Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, Welchen Weg geht Europa? 23 (1979).Google Scholar

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109 At the end of Section III.Google Scholar