¹ On the actual application of co-decision, see Armin von Bogdandy/Jürgen Bast/Felix Arndt, Handlungsformen im Unionsrecht, 62 Heidelberg Journal of International Law (HJIL) 77, 137-9 (2002).Google Scholar

² Treaty Establishing the Constitution for Europe, Article I-9, Dec. 16, 2004, 2004 O.J. (C 310) 1 [hereinafter CT]; Articles 1 – 4 Protocol on the Role of the National Parliaments; Article 3 Subsidiarity Protocol.Google Scholar

³ Usually a third but it is a fourth in Article III-264 CT.Google Scholar

⁴ See Weatherill, Stephen, Better Competence Monitoring, 30 European Law Review (ELR) 23, 29 (2005); Schwarze, Jürgen, Ein pragmatischer Verfassungsentwurf, 38 Europarecht (EuR) 535, 546-7 (2003); Geneviève Tuts, La Convention: plus de clarté, de transparence, d'efficacité et de démocratie pour l'Europe, Revue de la Faculté de droit de Liège 341, 359 (2004); Markus Ludwigs, Die Kompetenzordnung der Europäischen Union im Vertragsentwurf über eine Verfassung für Europa, 7 Zeitschrift für Europarechtliche Studien (ZEuS) 211, 221-4 (2004); Rupert Scholz, Das institutionelle System im Entwurf eines Vertrags über eine Verfassung für Europa, in Der Verfassungsentwurf des Europäischen Konvents 100, 105-6 (Jürgen Schwarze ed., 2004); Philipp Dann, The Political Institutions, in Principles of European Constitutional Law 36 (Armin v. Bogdandy & Jürgen Bast eds., forthcoming October 2005); Franz C. Mayer, Competences – Reloaded? The Vertical Division of Powers in the EU after the New European Constitution, 3 International Journal of Constitutional law 493, 502 (2005); Franz C. Mayer, Die drei Dimensionen der europäischen Kompetenzdebatte, 61 Heidelberg Journal of International Law (HJIL) 577, 605-7 (2001); Paul Craig, Competence: Clarity, Conferral, Containment and Consideration, 29 European Law Review (ELR) 323, 343-4 (2004).Google Scholar

⁵ Article III-151 CT.Google Scholar

⁶ Articles III-161 and III-162 CT (to be implemented according to Article III-163 CT).Google Scholar

⁷ Within the CAP the Council shall, without consultation of the EP, adopt European regulations or decisions on the details of CAP (Article III-231 (3) CT); the Commission can fix certain countervailing charges (Article III-232 (2) CT; currently, Treaty Establishing the European Community, Art. 38, consolidated version Dec. 24, 2002 O.J. (C 325) 33 [hereinafter EC Treaty]).Google Scholar

⁸ Article III-166 (3) CT.Google Scholar

⁹ On the quantity of delegated legislation, see von Bogdandy et al., supra note 1, at 139-42; Jürgen Bast et al., Legal Instruments in European Union Law and their Reform, 23 Yearbook of European Law 91, 126-7 (2004); Koen Lenaerts and Marlies Desomer, Simplification of the Union's Instruments, in Ten Reflections on the Constitutional Treaty for Europe 107, 114 (Bruno de Witte ed., EUI-RSCAS/AEL 2003), available at http://www.iue.it/RSCAS/Research/Institutions/EuropeanTreaties.shtml.Google Scholar

¹⁰ For similar criteria, see Peter-Christian Müller-Graff, Strukturmerkmale des neuen Verfassungsvertrages für Europa, 27 integration 186, 187-8 (2004); Tuts, supra note 4, at 346.Google Scholar

¹¹ The latter only provides a rather rough distinction based on the exclusivity or non-exclusivity of competences and does not as such consider the extent of integration achieved, nor is it fully consistent with the legal bases in Part III. See Christiane Trüe, Das System der EU-Kompetenzen vor und nach dem Entwurf eines Europäischen Verfassungsvertrags, 64 Heidelberg Journal of International Law (HJIL) 391, 413 (2004). See also Weatherill, supra note 4, at 29-31; Stephen Weatherill, Competence, in Ten Reflections on the Constitutional Treaty for Europe, supra note 10, at 45, 52; Martin Nettesheim, Die Kompetenzordnung im Vertrag über eine Verfassung der Europäischen Union, 39 Europarecht (EuR) 511, 528 (2004); Matthias Ruffert, Schlüsselfragen der Europäischen Verfassung der Zukunft, 39 Europarecht (EuR) 165, 189-92 (2004); Schwarze, supra note 4, at 542-6; Craig, supra note 4, at 326. For a more detailed classification, Armin von Bogdandy and Jürgen Bast, Vertical Order of Competences, in Principles of European Constitutional Law, supra note 4, at 18; Ingolf Pernice, Eine neue Kompetenzordnung für die Europäische Union 6 (WHI-Paper 15/02), available at http://www.whi-berlin.de/pernice-kompetenzordnung.htm.Google Scholar

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¹³ Also Conv/375/1/02 REV 1, Final Report WG V, 4 November 2002, p. 12–13, available under www.european-convention.eu.int.Google Scholar

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¹⁵ Id. at 103-4.Google Scholar

¹⁶ On the current Treaties id. at 79; Jürgen Bast et al., supra note 9, at 93.Google Scholar

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¹⁸ Trüe, , supra note 12, at 117; von Bogdandy and Bast, supra note 11, at 18-19.Google Scholar

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²⁴ See Part B. above.Google Scholar

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²⁶ For this approach, see Leontin-Jean Constantinesco, Recht der europäischen Gemeinschaften 131 (1977); Paul Demaret, The Treaty Framework, in Legal Issues of the Maastricht Treaty 3, 4 (David O'Keeffe and Patrick Twomey eds., 1994); Siegfried Magiera, Die Einheitliche Europäische Akte und die Fortentwicklung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft zur Europäischen Union, in Gedächtnisschrift für Wilhelm Karl Geck 507, 510 (Wilfried Fiedler and Georg Ress eds., 1989); Mayer, Die drei Dimensionen der europäischen Kompetenzdebatte, supra note 4, at 626.Google Scholar

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