1 Hodson, Dermot & Maher, Imelda, The Open Method as a New Mode of Governance: The Case of Soft Economic Policy Co-ordination, 39 J. of Common Market Stud. 719, 719–46 (2001); Susana Borrás & Thomas Conzelmann, Democracy, Legitimacy and Soft Modes of Governance in the EU: The Empirical Turn, 29 J. of Eur. Integration 531, 531–48 (2007).Google Scholar

2 The Transformation of Governance in the European Union (Beate Kohler-Koch & Rainer Eising eds., 1999).Google Scholar

3 Gary Marks et al., European Integration since the 1980s: State-Centric versus Multi-Level Governance, 34 J. of Common Market Stud. 341, 341–78 (1996).Google Scholar

4 Experimentalist Governance in the European UnioN: Towards a NEW Architecture (Charles Sabel & Jonathan Zeitlin eds., 2010); for a commentary see Amy Verdun, Experimentalist Governance in the European Union: A Commentary, 6 Regulation & Governance 385, 385–93 (2012).Google Scholar

5 Innovative Governance in the European Union: The Politics of Multilevel Policy-Making in the European Union (Ingeborg Tömmel & Amy Verdun eds., 2009).Google Scholar

6 Benz, Arthur, Combined Modes of Governance in EU Policymaking, in Innovative Governance in the European Union, supra note 5, at 27–44.Google Scholar

7 See supra note 1; Beate Kohler-Koch & Berthold Rittberger, Review Article: The “Governance Turn, in EU Studies, 44 J. of Common Market Stud. 27, 27–49 (2006).Google Scholar

8 Héritier, Adrienne, New Modes of Governance in Europe: Increasing Political Capacity and Policy Effectiveness?, in The State of the European Union 6: Law, Politics and Society 105–26 (Tanja Börzel & Rachel Cichowski eds., 2003).Google Scholar

9 Scharpf, Fritz, Games Real Actors Play. Actor Centered Institutionalism in Policy Research (1997); Adrienne Héritier & Dirk Lehmkuhl, The Shadow of Hierarchy and New Modes of Governance, 28 J. of Pub. Pol'y 1, 1–17 (2008).Google Scholar

10 Benz, , supra note 6 at 28.Google Scholar

11 Schäfer, Armin, A New Form of Governance? Comparing the Open Method of Coordination to Multilateral Surveillance by the IMF and the OECD, 13 J. of Eur. Pub. Pol'y 70, 70–88 (2006); Kenneth Armstrong & Claire Kilpatrick, Law, Governance, or new Governance? The Changing Open Method of Coordination, 13 Colum. J. Eur. L. 649, 649–77 (2007); See Donatella della Porte & Philippe Pochet, The European Employment Strategy: Existing Research and Remaining Questions, 14 J. of Eur. Soc. Pol'y 71, 71–8 (2004).Google Scholar

12 Renate Mayntz & Fritz Scharpf, Steuerung und Selbstorganisation in staatsnahen Sektoren, in Gesellschaftliche Selbstregulierung und politische Steuerung 9–38 (1995); Renate Mayntz, Governance Theory als fortentwickelte Steuerungstheorie?, in Governance-Forschung: Vergewisserung über Stand und Entwicklungslinien 1–29 (Gunnar Schuppert ed., 2005).Google Scholar

13 Rosenau, James, Governance, Order and Change in World Politics, in Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics 1–29 (James Rosenau & Ernst-Otto Czempiel eds., 1992).Google Scholar

14 For an overview of the various disciplinary perspectives on how Governance is used to regulate structures see also Kees van Kersbergen & Frans van Waarden, “Governance” as a Bridge Between Disciplines: Cross-Disciplinary Inspiration Regarding Shifts in Governance and Problems of Governability, Accountability and Legitimacy, 43 Eur. J. of Pol. Res. 143, 143–71 (2004).Google Scholar

15 Jon Pierre & Guy Peters, Governing Complex Societies: Trajectories and Scenarios (2005).Google Scholar

16 Jan Kooiman, Governing as Governance (2003).Google Scholar

17 Ingeborg Tömmel, Modes of Governance and the Institutional Structure of the EU, in Innovative Governance in the European Union, supra note 5, at 9–23; see also Ingeborg Tömmel, Governance und Policy-Making im Mehrebenensystem der EU, in Die Europäische Union: Governance und Pol'y-Making 13–35 (2007).Google Scholar

18 Börzel, Tanja, European Governance: Negotiation and Competition in the Shadow of Hierarchy, 48 J. of Common Market Stud. 191,191-219 (2010).Google Scholar

19 Wald, Andreas & Jansen, Dorothea, Netzwerke, in Handbuch Governance: Theoretische Grundlagen und empirische Anwendungsfelder 93–105 (Arthur Benz et al. eds., 2007).Google Scholar

20 Benz, , supra note 6 at 31; See also Ole Elgström & Christer Jönsson, Negotiation in the European Union: Bargaining or Problem-solving?, 7 J. of Eur. Pub. Pol'y 684, 684–704 (2000); see also Christer Jönsson et al., Negotiations in Networks in the European Union, 3 Int'l Negotiation 319, 319–44 (1998).Google Scholar

21 See Common Goods: Reinventing European and International Governance (Adrienne Héritier ed., 2002); Burkard Eberlein & Dieter Kerwer, New Governance in the European Union: A Theoretical Perspective, 42 J. of Common Market Stud. 121, 121–42 (2004); For a critique see Börzel, supra note 18.Google Scholar

22 As the European Parliament (EP) gains influence in the legislative process, the EP can be seen in some cases as on par with the Council. For the sake of argument we can simplify and consider the Council only, even if obviously it is often with co-decision of the EP that legislative acts are passed.Google Scholar

23 Benz, , supra note 6.Google Scholar

24 This section draws on the authors’ wider research on cohesion policy development in the EU. For lengthier accounts see in particular Ingeborg Tömmel, Staatliche Regulierung und europäische Integration: Die Regionalpolitik der EU und ihre Implementation in Italien (1994); Ingeborg Tömmel, Transformation of Governance: The European Commission's Strategy for Creating a “Europe of the Regions”, 8 Regional and Fed. Stud. 52, 52–80 (1998); Ingeborg Tömmel, Die Reform der Strukturpolitik der EU: eine Reform europäischer Governance?, in Band 2 Regional Governance 181–200 (Ralf Kleinfeld et al. eds., 2006).Google Scholar

25 Ian Bache, The Politics of European Union Regional Policy (1998).Google Scholar

26 Jennifer Wozniak Boyle, Conditional Leadership: The European Commission and European Regional Policy (2006).Google Scholar

27 The Commission's concept focused on improving the endogenous potential of less developed or restructuring regions. In addition, it provided incentives for public actors to initiate policies that would improve the competitiveness of their regions as a whole.Google Scholar

28 Net-payers or net-contributors are those member states that on aggregate receive less money from the EU than they contribute to it; conversely, net-recipients receive more than they contribute.Google Scholar

29 Iain Begg, Cohesion or Confusion: A Policy Searching for Objectives, 32 Eur. Integration 77, 77–96 (2010).Google Scholar

30 Gary Marks & Liesbet Hooghe, Multi-Level Governance and European Integration (2001).Google Scholar

31 Council Regulation (EC) No. 2052/88 of 24 June 1988, art. 4(1), 1988 O.J. (L 185/9).Google Scholar

32 Mendez, Carlos & Bachtler, John, Administrative Reform and Unintended Consequences: An Assessment of the EU Cohesion Policy Audit Explosion, 18 J. OF Eur. Pub. Pol'y 746, 746–65 (2011).Google Scholar

33 Tömmel, supra note 24.Google Scholar

34 Interview with Commission Official (Feb. 2007).Google Scholar

35 Bachtler, John & Mendez, Carlos, Who Governs EU Cohesion Policy? Deconstructing the Reforms of the Structural Funds, 45 J. of Common Market Stud. 535, 535–64 (2007).Google Scholar

36 European Commission: Q&A on the Legislative Package of Euregional, Employment and Social Policy for 2014–2020 (Memo 11/663) 3.Google Scholar

37 See COM (2012) 496 final.Google Scholar

38 This section draws on the authors’ wider research on economic and monetary policy development in the EU. For lengthier accounts see generally Amy Verdun, European Responses to Globalization and Financial Market Integration: Perceptions of Economic and Monetary Union in Britain, France and Germany (2000); Martin Heipertz & Amy Verdun, Ruling Europe: The Politics of the Stability and Growth Pact (2010). See also Amy Verdun, Regulation and Cooperation in Economic and Monetary Policy, in Innovative Governance in the European Union, supra note 5, at 75–86.Google Scholar

39 Loukas Tsoukalis, The Politics and Economics of European Monetary Integration (1977).Google Scholar

40 Pierre Werner, Report to the Council and the Commission on the Realisation by Stages of Economic and Monetary Union in the Community (Werner Report) (1970).Google Scholar

41 Committee for the Study of Economic and Monetary Union, Report on Economic and Monetary Union in the European Community (1989).Google Scholar

42 Servaas Deroose et al., The Broad Economic Policy Guidelines: Before and After the Re-launch of the Lisbon Strategy, 46 J. of Common Market Stud. 827, 827–48 (2008).Google Scholar

43 Details of the ‘Six Pack’ can be found here: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/articles/governance/2012-03-14_six_pack_en.htm (last accessed: 1 February 2013). For a discussion see Amy Verdun, The Stability Pact: an eternal promise, in The Netherlands as an EU member state: a normal partner at last? (Adriaan Schout & Jan Rood eds., forthcoming).Google Scholar

44 Most Member States of the EU wanted to amend the EU Treaties so as to amend economic and monetary governance of the EU. Not all Member States agreed to this change. Thus instead, following earlier practice (for example Schengen), a new Treaty was created for this purpose that was signed by 25 of 27 Member States. The ‘Fiscal Compact’ is a shorter, more popular name for this Treaty formally known as the ‘Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union between…[formal names of the 25 signatories of the treaty - all 27 Member States except for the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom]. This treaty will enter into force for all Member States who have ratified it on 1 January 2013 provided a minimum of twelve euro area Member State have ratified it. If the 12^th Member State ratifies after 1 January 2013 it will retroactively enter into force. Between May and September 2012 eight euro area Member States ratified this treaty. The full text of this treaty is available at: http://europeancouncil.europa.eu/media/639235/st00tscg26_en12.pdf (last accessed: 1 February 2013). One of the notable features of the Fiscal Compact is that signatories agree to balanced budgets (defined as 3% budgetary deficit and no more than 0.5 or 1.0 structural addition to the public debt to GDP ratio, depending on the actual size of the existing public debt).Google Scholar

45 European Commission, A Roadmap to Stability and Growth, COM (2011) 669 (Dec. 10, 2011).Google Scholar

46 For useful discussions of recent governance developments in EU economic and monetary policy-making see inter alia Dermot Hodson, Governing the Euro Area in Good Times and Bad (2011); Mark Hallerberg et al., How Effective and Legitimate is the European Semester? Increasing the Role of the European Parliament, European Parliament Briefing Paper, IP/A/ECON/NT/2010-24. (Aug. 2011).Google Scholar

47 Heipertz and Verdun, supra note 38.Google Scholar

48 Sadeh, Tal & Verdun, Amy, Explaining Europe's Monetary Union: A Survey of the Literature, 11 Int'l. Stud. Rev. 277, 277–301 (2009); Barry Eichengreen, European Monetary Integration with Benefit of Hindsight, 50 J. of Common Market Stud. 123,123-36 (2012).Google Scholar