¹ See German Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) BVerfGE 12, 205 (261); BVerfGE 57, 295 (321); BVerfGE 20, 56 (101) (concerning the role of political parties).Google Scholar

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⁴ Id. at 9; Geoffrey Brennan & Alan Hamlin, Democratic Devices and Desires (New York 2000).Google Scholar

⁵ See BVerfGE 31, 309 (312); but also BVerfGE 12, 205 (259).Google Scholar

⁶ See BVerfGE 12, 260.Google Scholar

⁷ Id.Google Scholar

⁸ See BVerfGE 31, 314 (325); BVerfGE 35, 202 (222); BVerfGE 73, 118.Google Scholar

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³² The German public broadcasters had bought the programme rights of a major part of the matches of the next World Football Championship in 2002 at a price of more than 200 million DM whereas the right for the championship of 1998 cost less than 20 million DM. This is a reaction to the decline in audience figures all European public broadcasters have suffered from, see The Economist of 5 August 1999Google Scholar

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⁵⁷ “Media Services” with a limited effect on public opinion (but what does this really mean?) are not regarded as “broadcasting services” and are treated like the press (e.g. for advertising there is only a basic requirement concerning separation of content and advertisement and not on the number of interruptions etc. as in TV).Google Scholar

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