Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xfwgj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-29T10:49:44.014Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Silurian conodont-based correlations between Gotland (Sweden) and Saaremaa (Estonia)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2009

L. Jeppsson ,
V. Viira  and
P. Männik
L. Jeppsson
Affiliation:
Department of Historical Geology & Palaeontology, Sölvegatan 13, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
V. Viira
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Estonia pst. 7, EE-0105 Tallinn, Estonia
P. Männik
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Estonia pst. 7, EE-0105 Tallinn, Estonia
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Correlations between the Silurian successions of Gotland and the East Baltic are based on the narrowest stratigraphic units that can be distinguished in both areas. In order further to increase precision, true ends of ranges in measured sections have been used instead of ‘pooled’ formational faunas, where outcrops and collections permit. Some previous correlations are confirmed. In other cases, there are considerable changes both in levels of correlation and in precision. The major differences are found mostly when one or more of the major gaps have remained unrecognized and stratigraphic units therefore have been extended and translated upwards or downwards. At least some of these gaps decrease in magnitude southwards in Estonia. Gaps at these levels are also noted on Gotland, although they are small and probably do not extend across the island. The patterns through time of deposition (during secundo episodes) and gaps (during primo episodes) agree very well with what can be predicted from a model of oceanic and climatic cyclicity.

Type
Articles
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 131 , Issue 2 , March 1994 , pp. 201 - 218
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aaloe, A., Kaljo, D., Klaamann, E. & Einasto, R. 1976. Stratigraphical classification of the Estonian Silurian. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Chemistry, Geology 25, 38–45 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. 1976. Comparison of macrofossil communities and conodont distribution in the British Silurian. In Conodont Palaeoecology (ed. Barnes, C. R.), pp. 91–104. The Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper no. 15.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. 1985. Conodonts of the Silurian system from the British Isles. A stratigraphical index of conodonts (eds Higgins, A. C. and Austin, R. L.), pp. 68–92.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. & Jeppsson, L. 1984. Ecological specialists among Silurian conodonts. Special Papers in Palaeontology 32, 141–9.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J., Jeppsson, L. & Dorning, K. J. 1993. Early Silurian oceanic episodes and events. Journal of the Geological Society, London 150, 501–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bassett, M. G. & Cocks, L. R. M. 1974. A review of Silurian brachiopods from Gotland. Fossils and strata no. 3, 56 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bassett, M. G., Kaljo, D. & Teller, L. 1989. The Baltic region. In A Global Standard for the Silurian System, (eds Holland, C. H. and Bassett, M. G.), pp. 158–70. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series no. 9, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Bergman, C. F. 1989. Silurian paulianitid polychaetes from Gotland. Fossils and strata no. 25, 128 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherns, L. 1982. Palaeokarst, tidal erosion surfaces and stromatolites in the Silurian Eke Formation of Gotland, Sweden. Sedimentology 29, 819–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einasto, R. 1981. On the relationship of the Jaagarahu, Pangamagi and Maasi stratotype sections (Middle Wenlockian of Estonia). Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Geology 30, 111–17 (in Russian).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einasto, R. 1991. Silurian. In Geology and mineral resources of Estonia: excursion guide, (eds Puura, V., Kalm, V. and Puura, I.), pp. 7–9. Institute of Geology, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geological Survey of Estonia (in Estonian).Google Scholar
Eriksson, C-O. & Laufeld, S. 1978. Philip Structures in the submarine Silurian of northwest Gotland. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ser. C no. 736, 30 pp.Google Scholar
Flodén, T. 1980. Seismic stratigraphy and bedrock geology of the central Baltic. Stockholm Contributions in Geology, 240 pp.Google Scholar
Fredholm, D. 1988 a. Vertebrates in the Ludlovian Hemse of Gotland, Sweden. Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm Forhandlingar 110, 157–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredholm, D. 1988 b. Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hemse Beds of Gotland, Sweden. Geologiska Föoreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 110, 237–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredholm, D. 1990. Agnathan vertebrates in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Forhandlingar 110, 61–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frykman, P. 1989. Carbonate Ramp Fades of the Klintberg Formation Wenlock-Ludlow transition on Gotland, Sweden. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ser. C no. 820, 79 pp.Google Scholar
Fåhraeus, L. E. 1968. In Ludlow Research Group Bulletin no. 15. (ed. Walmsley, V. G.).Google Scholar
Fåhraeus, L. E. 1969 a. Spathognathodus steinhornensis remscheidensis Ziegler 1960 and the age of the Ohesaare Stage of Estonia. A reply to Kaljo, D. and Viira, V.. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 91, 433–5.Google Scholar
Fåhraeus, L. E. 1969 b. Conodont zones in the Ludlovian of Gotland and a correlation with Great Britain. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokningar Ser. C no. 639, 33 pp.Google Scholar
Hede, J. E. 1921. Gotlands silurstratigrafi. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ser. C no. 305, 100 pp.Google Scholar
Hede, J. E. 1927. Berggrunden (Silursystemet). In Beskrivning till kartbladet Klintehamn (eds Munthe, H., Hede, J. E. and Lundqvist, G.), pp. 12–54. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ser. Aa no. 160.Google Scholar
Hede, J. E. 1929. Berggrunden (Silursystemet). In Beskrivning till kartbladet Katthammarsvik (eds Munthe, H., Hede, J. E. and Lundqvist, G.), pp. 14–57. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ser. Aa no. 170.Google Scholar
Hede, J. E. 1940. Berggrunden. In Beskrivning till kartbladen Visby och Lummelunda. (eds Lundqvist, G., Hede, J. E. and Sundius, N.), pp. 9–68. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ser. Aa no. 183.Google Scholar
Hede, J. E. 1960. The Silurian of Gotland. In The Lower Palaeozoic of Scania. The Silurian of Gotland (eds Regnéll, G. and Hede, J. E.). International Geological Congress XXI Session Norden 1960 Guidebook Sweden d. Stockholm. Also in Publications from the Institutes of Mineralogy, Palaeontology and Quaternary Geology, University of Lund, Sweden 91, 44–89.Google Scholar
Holland, C. H., Lawson, J. D. & Walmsley, V. G. 1963. The Silurian rocks of the Ludlow district, Shropshire. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 9, 93–171, pls 1–7.Google Scholar
Jaanusson, V. 1979. Stratigraphical and environmental background. In Lower Wenlock Faunal and Floral dynamics – Vattenfallet Section, Gotland, (eds Jaanusson, V., Laufeld, S. and Skoglund, R.), pp. 11–8. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ser. C no. 762.Google Scholar
Jaeger, H. 1975. Die Graptolithenführung im Silur/Devon des Cellon-Profils (Karnische Alpen). Carinthia 2, 111–26.Google Scholar
Jaeger, H. 1981. Comments on the graptolite chronology of Gotland. In Proceedings of Project Ecostratigraphy Plenary Meeting, Gotland, 1981 (ed. Laufeld, S.). Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Rapporter ochmeddelanden no. 25.Google Scholar
Jaeger, H. 1991. Neue Standard-Graptolithenzonenfolge nach der “Grossen Krise” and der Wenlock/Ludlow-Grenze (Silur). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie and Palaäontologie Abhandlung 182, 303–54. Stuttgart.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1972. Some Silurian conodont apparatuses and possible conodont dimorphism. Geologica et Palaeontologica 6, 51–69. Also in Publications from the Institutes of Mineralogy, Palaeontology and Quaternary Geology, University of Lund, Sweden 177.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1975. Aspects of Late Silurian conodonts. Fossils and Strata no. 6, 79 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1979. Conodonts. In Lower Wenlock faunal and floral dynamics – Vattenfallet Section, Gotland (eds Jaanusson, V., Laufeld, S. and Skoglund, R.), pp. 225–48. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ser. C no. 762. Also in Publications from the Institutes of Mineralogy, Palaeontology and Quaternary Geology, University of Lund, Sweden 222.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1981. The conodont faunas in the Beyrichienkalk. In Proceedings of Project Ecostratigraphy Plenary Meeting, Gotland 1981, (ed. Laufeld, S.), pp. 13–14. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning. Rapporter och meddelanden no. 25. Also in Publications from the Institutes of Mineralogy, Palaeontology and Quaternary Geology, University of Lund, Sweden 243a.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1983. Silurian conodont faunas from Gotland. In Taxonomy, ecology and identity of conodonts. Proceedings of the ECOS III Symposium Lund 1982, pp. 121–44. Fossils and Strata no. 15. Also in Lund Publications in Geology 18.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1987. Lithological and conodont distributional evidence for episodes of anomalous oceanic conditions during the Silurian. In Paleobiology of conodonts (ed. Aldridge, R. J.), pp. 129–45. Chichester: Ellis Horwood Ltd.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1988. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Silurian-Devonian boundary stratotype at Klonk, Czechoslovakia. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 22, 21–33. Also in Lund Publications in Geology 77.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1989. Latest Silurian conodonts from Klonk, Czechoslovakia. Geologica et Palaeontologica 23, 21–37.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1990. An oceanic model for lithological and faunal changes, tested on the Silurian record. Journal of the Geological Society, London 147, 663–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeppsson, L. in press. The anatomy of the mid-Early Silurian Ireviken Event. In Paleontological Event, Horizons, Ecological and Evolutionary Implications (ed. Brett, C.), 46 pp.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. & Männik, P. 1993. High resolution correlations between Gotland and Estonia near the base of the Wenlock. Terra Nova 5 (4), 348–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaljo, D. (ed.) 1970. The Silurian of Estonia. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, 343 pp. (in Russian).Google Scholar
Kaljo, D. & Nestor, H. 1990. Field meeting Estonia 1990. Estonian Academy of Sciences, 209 pp.Google Scholar
Kaljo, D. & Sarv, L. 1966. On the correlation of the Baltic Upper Silurian. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Physics-mathematics and technics series, XV, 277–288 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Kaljo, D. & Viira, V. 1968. Note on the age of the Ohesaare Stage of Estonia. A reply to Fåhraeus, L. E.. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Chemistry, Geology XVII, 430–1.Google Scholar
Klaamann, E. 1977. Zur Korrelation des Wasserfallprofils von Visby (Gotland) und des Glints vom Nördlichene Saaremaa (Estland) nach Korallen. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Chemistry, Geology 26, 33–7 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Klaamann, E. 1982. Tabulate communities (Late Wenlock and Ludlow, Gotland). In Communities and biozones in the Baltic Silurian (eds Kaljo, D. and Klaamann, E.), pp. 35–52. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Institute of Geology (in Russian).Google Scholar
Klaamann, E. R. 1986. The tabulate communities and biozones of the East Baltic Silurian. In Theory and practice of ecostratigraphy (eds Kaljo, D. and Klaamann, E.), pp. 80–98, 270. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Institute of Geology (in Russian).Google Scholar
Klaamann, E. & Einasto, R. 1982. Coral reefs of Baltic Silurian (structure, facies relation). In Ecostratigraphy of the East Baltic Silurian (eds Kaljo, D. and Klaamann, E.) pp. 35–40. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Institute of Geology.Google Scholar
Kříž, J. 1989. The Přídolí Series in the Prague Basin (Barrandian area, Bohemia). In A Global Standard for the Silurian System (eds Holland, C. H. and Bassett, M. G.), pp. 90–100. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series no. 9, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Larsson, K. 1979. Silurian tentaculitids from Gotland and Scania. Fossils and strata no. 11, 180 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laufeld, S. 1974 a. Silurian Chitinozoa from Gotland. Fossils and Strata no. 5, 130 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laufeld, S. 1974 b. Reference localities for palaeontology and geology in the Silurian of Gotland. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ser. C no. 705, 172 pp.Google Scholar
Mabillard, J. E. & Aldridge, R. J. 1985. Microfossil distribution across the base of the Wenlock Series in the type area. Palaeontology 28, 89–100.Google Scholar
Männik, P. 1992. Taxonomy of conodont species Ozarkodina polinclinata in the Silurian of Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology 41, 54–62.Google Scholar
Männik, P. in press. Evolution of the conodont genus Pterospalhodus and the celloni-amorphognathoides Zones in the Silurian of Estonia. In The aspects of the phylogeny in palaeontology. Contributions to the XXXV sessions of the All-union Palaeontological Society, St. Petersburg (in Russian).Google Scholar
Märss, T. 1986. Silurian Vertebrates of Estonia and west Latvia. Fossilia Baltica no. 1, 140 pp.Google Scholar
Martinsson, A. 1958. The submarine morphology of the Baltic Cambro-Silurian area. Publications from the Palaeontological Institution of the University of Uppsala 21, 11–35.Google Scholar
Martinsson, A. 1962. Ostracodes of the family Beyrichiidae from the Silurian of Gotland. The Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of Uppsala no. 41,369 pp. Also in Publications from the Palaeontological Institution of the University of Uppsala 41.Google Scholar
Martinsson, A. 1965. The Siluro-Devonian Ostracode genus Nodibeyrichia and faunally associated kloedeniines. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 87, 109–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinsson, A. 1967. The succession and correlation of ostracode faunas in the Silurian of Gotland. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 89, 350–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nestor, H. 1982. The Baltic Middle Silurian stromatoporoid succession. In Ecostratigraphy of the East Baltic Silurian (eds Kaljo, D. and Klaamann, E.), pp. 43–50. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Institute of Geology.Google Scholar
Nestor, V. 1982. Correlation of the East Baltic and Gotland Silurian by chitinozoans. In Ecostratigraphy of the East Baltic Silurian, pp. 89–95. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Institute of Geology.Google Scholar
Nestor, V. 1984. Zonal distribution of chitinozoans in the Wenlockian Jaani Stage of Estonia and the problem of its upper boundary. In Stratigraphy of early Paleozoic sediments of the East Baltic (eds Männil, R. M. and Mens, K. A.), pp. 119–27. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Institute of Geology (in Russian).Google Scholar
Nestor, V. & Nestor, H. 1991. Dating of the Wenlock carbonate sequences in Estonia and stratigraphic breaks. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology 40, 50–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radionova, E. & Einasto, R. 1986. The algal communities, their facies relations in the East Baltic Wenlock and Ludlow. In Theory and practice of ecostratigraphy (eds Kaljo, D. and Klaaman, E.), pp. 163–85. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Institute of Geology (in Russian).Google Scholar
Riding, R. & Watts, N. R. 1991. The lower Wenlock reef sequence of Gotland: facies and lithostratigraphy. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Forhandlingar 113, 343–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarv, L. 1968. Ostracode families Craspedobolbinidae, Beyrichiidae and Primitiopsidae in the Silurian of Estonia. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Institute of Geology, 103 pp. (in Russian).Google Scholar
Sarv, L. 1982. On ostracode zonation of the East Baltic Upper Silurian. In Ecostratigraphy of the East Baltic Silurian (eds Kaljo, D. and Klaamann, E.), pp. 71–7. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Institute of Geology.Google Scholar
Sivhed, U. 1976. Sedimentological studies of the Wenlockian Slite Siltstone on Gotland. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 98, 59–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spjeldnaes, N. 1950. On some vertebrate fossils from Gotland with some comments on the stratigraphy. Arkiv för Mineralogioch Geologil, 211–18. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Viira, V. 1977. Conodonts and their distribution in the Silurian of the East Baltic (Ohesaare, Kunkoiai, Ukmerge etc. borings). Facii i Fauna Silura Pribaltiki, 179–92. Tallinn.Google Scholar
Viira, V. 1982 a. Late Silurian shallow and deep water conodonts of the East Baltic. In Ecostratigraphy of the East Baltic Silurian (eds Kaljo, D. and Klaamann, E.), pp. 79–87. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Institute of Geology.Google Scholar
Viira, V. 1982 b. Shallow-water conodont Ctenognathodus murchisoni (Late Wenlock, Estonia). In Communities and biozones in the Baltic Silurian (eds Kaljo, D. and Klaamann, E.), pp. 63–83. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR. Institute of Geology, 63–83 (in Russian) 128–129, 133, 135 (English abstract and translation).Google Scholar
Viira, V. 1983. Upper Silurian Spathognathodus (Conodonts) from Estonia. In Palaeontology of early Paleozoic of the East Baltic and Podolia (ed. Klaamann, E.), pp. 41–71. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Institute of Geology (in Russian).Google Scholar
Viira, V. 1994. A new Upper Silurian conodont species from Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology 43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walliser, O. H. 1964. Conodonten des Silurs. Abhandlungen des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung no. 41, 106 pp. Wiesbaden.Google Scholar