Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pjpqr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-29T23:29:23.745Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nature of the Shyok (Northern) Suture Zone between India and Asia: petrology, geochemistry and origin of the Tirit granitoids and associated dykes (Nubra Valley Ladakh Himalaya, NW India)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 April 2023

Rakesh Chandra ,
Nazia Kowser ,
Michael E Brookfield Open the ORCID record for Michael E Brookfield [Opens in a new window] ,
Manavalan Satyanarayanan  and
Daniel Stöckli
Rakesh Chandra
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190 006, India
Nazia Kowser
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190 006, India
Michael E Brookfield*
Affiliation:
Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
Manavalan Satyanarayanan
Affiliation:
CSIR – National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad 500 007, India
Daniel Stöckli
Affiliation:
Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
*
Author for correspondence: ME Brookfield, Email: mbrookfi@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Shyok Suture Zone is an oceanic remnant of the Neo-Tethyan ocean sandwiched between the Ladakh Batholiths to the south and Karakoram Batholith to the north. The Tirit granitoids in this suture are dark-coloured, relatively rich in ferromagnesian minerals and range from granodiorite–tonalite to gabbro–diorite in composition. Mafic igneous enclaves are quite common and they are intruded by NW–SE parallel doleritic and aplitic dykes. The Tirit granitoids have a wide range of major oxide compositions (SiO2 = 52.1–72.11 wt %, TiO2 = 0.21–1.23 wt %, Al2O3 = 11.42–13.52 wt %, MgO = 1.69–10.69 wt % and CaO = 3.24–9.31 wt %) and show calc-alkaline, metaluminous, I-type characteristics, transitional between primitive and mature arc continental plutons. Rare earth elements (REE) show considerable enrichment in light REE (LREE) as compared to the heavy REE (HREE). Late Cretaceous U/Pb dates (74–68 Ma) show that they formed during the pre-collision northward movement of India. The Tirit dykes are only slightly younger and probably part of the same episode.

Keywords

Granitoidsdykesenclavesmagmatismgeochronologysubduction
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 160 , Issue 5 , May 2023 , pp. 1020 - 1039
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmad, T and Tarney, J (1991) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Garhwal volcanics: implications for evolution of the north Indian Lithosphere. Precambrian Research 50, 69–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, TA and Chamberlain, CP (1991) Metamorphic evidence for an inverted crustal section, with constraints on the Main Karakorum Thrust, Baltistan, Northern Pakistan. Journal of Metamorphic Petrology 9, 403–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andjić, G, Zhou, R, Jonell, TN and Aitchison, JC (2022) A single Dras-Kohistan-Ladakh arc revealed by volcaniclastic records. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 23, e2021GC010042. doi: 10.1029/2021GC010042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batchelor, RA and Bowden, P (1985) Petrogenetic interpretation of granitoid rock series using multicationic parameters. Chemical Geology 48, 43–55. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(85)90034-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhutani, R, Pande, K and Venkatesan, TR (2009) 40Ar-39Ar dating of volcanic rocks of the Shyok suture zone in north-west Trans-Himalaya: implications for the post-collision evolution of the Shyok Suture Zone. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34, 168–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, TC and McPherson, JG (2009) Processes and forms of alluvial fans. In Geomorphology of Desert Environments, 2nd edn (eds Parsons, AJ and Abrahams, AD), pp. 413–67. Berlin: Springer Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5719-9J.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borneman, NL, Hodges, KV, Vansoest, MC, Bohon, W, Wartho, J-A, Cronk, SS and Ahmad, T (2015) Age and structure of the Shyok suture in the Ladakh region of northwestern India: implications for slip on the Karakoram fault system, Tectonics 34, 2011–33. doi: 10.1002/2015TC003933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boynton, WV (1984) Cosmogeochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In Rare Earth Element Geochemistry (ed. Henderson, P), pp. 63–114. Amsterdam: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brookfield, M and Gupta, VJ (1984) Permian fossils from the Shyok melange, near Shigar, Baltistan, Pakistan. Indian Geologists’ Association, Bulletin 17, 39–44.Google Scholar
Brookfield, ME, Chung, S-L and Shellnutt, JG (2017) Mid-Miocene (post 12 Ma) displacement along the central Karakoram fault zone in the Nubra valley, Ladakh, India from spot LA-ICPMS U/Pb zircon ages of granites. Journal of the Geological Society of India 89, 231–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brookfield, ME and Reynolds, PH (1981) Late Cretaceous emplacement of the Indus Suture Zone Ophiolitic Melanges and an Eocene-Oligocene magmatic arc on the northern edge of the Indian plate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 55, 157–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, GC, Thorpe, RS and Webb, PC (1984) The geochemical characteristics of granitoids arcs and comments on magma sources. Journal of the Geological Society 141, 413–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Catlos, E, Pease, E, Dygert, N, Brookfield, M, Schwarz, W, Bhutani, R, Pande, K and Schmitt, A (2018) Nature, age, and emplacement of the Spongtang Ophiolite, Ladakh, NW India. Journal of the Geological Society 176, 284–305. doi: 10.1144/jgs2018-085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, BW (1996) Compositional variation within granite suites of the Lachlan Fold Belt: its causes and implications for the physical state of granite magma. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 87, 159–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, BW (1999) Aluminium saturation in I- and S-type granites and the characterization of fractionated haplogranites. Lithos 46, 535–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, BW and Stephens, WE (1988) Origin of infracrustal (I-type) granite magmas. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth and Environmental Science 79, 71–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, BW and White, AJR (1974) Two contrasting granite types. Pacific Geology 8, 173–4.Google Scholar
Chappell, BW and White, AJR (2001) Two contrasting granite types: 25 years later. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, 489–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, BW, White, AJR, Williams, IS and Wyborn, D (2004) Low- and high-temperature granites. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth and Environmental Science 95, 125–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corfield, R, Searle, M and Pedersen, R (2001) Tectonic setting, origin, and obduction history of the Spongtang Ophiolite, Ladakh Himalaya, NW India. The Journal of Geology 109, 715–36. doi: 10.1086/323191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coward, MP, Windley, BF, Broughton, R, Luff, IW, Petterson, MG, Pudsey, C, Rex, D and Khan, MA (1986) Collision tectonics in the NW Himalayas. In Collision Tectonics (eds Coward, MP and Ries, A), pp. 203–19. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no.19.Google Scholar
Cox, KG, Bell, JD and Pankhurst, RJ (1979) The Interpretation of Igneous Rocks. London: George Allen & Unwin, 450 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debon, F and Khan, NA (1996) Alkaline orogenic plutonism in the Karakoram batholith: the Upper Cretaceous Koz Sar complex (Karamber valley, N. Pakistan). Geodinamica Acta 9, 145–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debon, F, Le Fort, P, Dautel, D, Sonet, J and Zimmermann, JL (1987) Granites of western Karakoram and northern Kohistan (Pakistan): a composite Mid-Cretaceous to upper Cenozoic magmatism. Lithos 20, 19–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, JF (1977) Suture zone complexities: a review. Tectonophysics 40, 53–67. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(77)90029-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, JF (2005) Orogeny can be very short. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, 15286–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Draut, AE and Clift, PD (2013) Differential preservation in the geologic record of intraoceanic arc sedimentary and tectonic processes. Earth-Science Reviews 116, 57–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunlap, WJ and Wysoczanski, R (2002) Thermal evidence for early Cretaceous metamorphism in the Shyok Suture Zone and age of the Khardung volcanic rocks, Ladakh, India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 20, 481–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehiro, M, Kojima, S, Sato, T, Ahmad, T and Ohtani, T (2007) Discovery of Jurassic ammonoids from the Shyok suture zone to the northeast of Chang La Pass, Ladakh, northwest India and its tectonic significance. Island Arc 16, 124–32. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1738.2007.00562.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frassi, C, Pandolfi, L, Marroni, M, Göncüoğlu, MC, Ellero, A, Ottria, G and Sayit, K (2016) Insights in the Intra-Pontide Suture Zone in the Tosya-Kastamonu area, Northern Turkey. Journal of Maps 12,21 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaetani, M (1997) The Karakorum Block in Central Asia, from Ordovician to Cretaceous. Sedimentary Geology 109, 339–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gansser, A (1977) The great suture zone between Himalaya and Tibet, a preliminary account. In Himalaya – sciences de la terra, Colloques International, 7–10 December 1976, pp. 181–92. Editions du Centre National de la Researche Scientifique, Paris, no. 268.Google Scholar
Gibbons, A, Zahirovic, S, Müller, D, Whittaker, J and Vadakkeyakath, Y (2015) A tectonic model reconciling evidence for the collisions between India, Eurasia and intra-oceanic arcs of the central-eastern Tethys. Gondwana Research 28, 451–92. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2015.01.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hébert, R, Bezard, R, Guilmette, C, Dostal, J, Wang, CS and Liu, ZF (2012) The Indus–Yarlung Zangbo ophiolites from Nanga Parbat to Namche Barwa syntaxes, southern Tibet: first synthesis of petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology with incidences on geodynamic reconstructions of Neo-Tethys. Gondwana Research 22, 377–97. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2011.10.013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heri, AR, Aitchison, JC, King, JA and Villa, IM (2015) Geochronology and isotope geochemistry of Eocene dykes intruding the Ladakh Batholith. Lithos 212–215, 111–21. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2014.11.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heuberger, S, Schaltegger, U, Burg, JP, Villa, IM, Frank, M, Dawood, H, Hussain, S and Zanchi, A (2007) Age and isotopic constraints on magmatism along the Karakoram-Kohistan Suture Zone, NW Pakistan: evidence for subduction and continued convergence after India-Asia collision. Swiss Journal of Geosciences 100, 85–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, F and Leech, ML (2013) Age and origin of granites in the Karakoram shear zone and Greater Himalaya Sequence, NW India. Lithosphere 5, 300–20. doi: 10.1130/L213.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irvine, TN and Baragar, WRA (1971) A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 8, 523–48. doi: 10.1139/e71-055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jain, AK (2014) When did India–Asia collide and make the Himalaya? Current Science 106, 254–66.Google Scholar
Juyal, KP (2006) Foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Early Cretaceous Hundiri Formation, lower Shyok area, eastern Karakorum, India. Current Science 91, 1096–104.Google Scholar
Kamber, BS, Ewart, A, Collerson, KD, Bruce, MC and McDonald, GA (2002) Fluid-mobile trace element constraints on the role of slab melting and implications for Archaean crustal growth models. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 144, 38–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kassi, AM, Khan, AS and Kasi, AK (2007) Newly proposed Cretaceous-Palaeocene lithostratigraphy of the Ispikan-Wakai area, southwestern Makran, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences 40, 25–31.Google Scholar
Kepezhinskas, P, McDermott, F, Defant, MJ, Hochstaedter, A, Drummond, MS, Hawkesworth, CJ and Bellon, H (1997) Trace element and Sr and Nd and Pb isotopic constraints on a three-component model of Kamchatka Arc petrogenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 577–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, S, Walker, J, Hall, S, Burke, K, Shah, M and Stockli, L (2009) Did Kohistan-Ladakh island arc collide first with India? Geological Society of America Bulletin 121, 366–84. doi: 10.1130/B26348.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, S (2010) Mafic to hybrid microgranular enclaves in the Ladakh batholith, northwest Himalaya: implications on calc-alkaline magma chamber processes. Journal of the Geological Society of India 76, 5–25. doi: 10.1007/s12594-010-0080-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, S (2020) Schedule of mafic to hybrid magma injections into crystallizing felsic magma chambers and resultant geometry of enclaves in granites: new field and petrographic observations from Ladakh Batholith, Trans-Himalaya, India. Frontiers in Earth Science, 1–14. doi: 10.3389/feart.2020.551097.Google Scholar
Kumar, S, Bora, S and Sharma, UK (2016) Geological appraisal of Ladakh and Tirit granitoids in the Indus-Shyok Suture zones of Northwest Himalaya, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India 87, 737–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuno, H (1968) Differentiation of basalt magmas. In Basalts: The Poldervaart Treatise on Rocks of Basaltic Composition (eds Hess, H and Poldervaart, A), pp. 623–88. New York: Interscience Publishers.Google Scholar
Lakhan, N, Singh, AK, Singh, BP, Sen, K, Singh, MR, Khogenkumar, S, Singhal, S and Oinam, G (2020) Zircon U–Pb geochronology, mineral and whole-rock geochemistry of the Khardung volcanics, Ladakh Himalaya, India: implications for Late Cretaceous to Palaeogene continental arc magmatism. Geological Journal 55, 3297–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, D, Li, H, Sun, Z, Cao, Y, Wang, L and Pan, J (2017) Cenozoic Episodic uplift and kinematic evolution between the Pamir and southwestern Tien Shan. Tectonophysics 712–713, 438–54. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2017.06.009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, L and Stockli, D (2020) U-Pb ages of detrital zircons in Lower Permian sandstone and siltstone of the Permian Basin, west Texas, USA: evidence of dominant Gondwanan and peri-Gondwanan sediment input to Laurentia. Geological Society of America Bulletin 132, 245–62. doi: 10.1130/B35119.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macdonald, R, Wilson, L, Thorpe, RS and Martin, A (1988) Emplacement of the Cleveland dyke: evidence from geochemistry, mineralogy and physical modelling. Journal of Petrology 29, 559–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maniar, PD and Piccoli, PM (1989) Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geological Society of America Bulletin 101, 635–46.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumaru, K, Ehiro, M and Kojima, S (2006) On Orbitolina (Foraminiferida) from the Shyok suture zone, Ladakh, NW India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 51, 43–9.Google Scholar
Meschede, M (1986) A method of discriminating between different types of mid-ocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Y diagram. Chemical Geology 56, 207–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, MA (2007) Isotopic characteristics of the Gurla Mandhata metamorphic core complex: implications for the architecture of the Himalayan orogen. Geology 35, 983–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, KN, Khan, M and Mahmood, K (2010). Geochemistry of the Chagai–Raskoh arc, Pakistan: complex arc dynamics spanning the Cretaceous to the Quaternary. Lithos 118, 338–48. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2010.05.008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connor, JT (1965) A classification for quartz-rich igneous rocks based on feldspar ratios. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 525-B, 79–84.Google Scholar
Parsons, AJ, Hosseini, K, Palin, RM and Sigloch, K (2020) Geological, geophysical and plate kinematic constraints for models of the India-Asia collision and the post-Triassic central Tethys oceans. Earth-Science Reviews 208, 103084. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103084.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA (1983) Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margin. In Continental Basalt and Mantle Xenoliths (eds Hawkes, WCJ and Norry, MJ), pp. 230–49. Nantwich: Shiva Publications.Google Scholar
Pearce, JA and Cann, JR (1973) Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined by using trace element analysis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 19, 290–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA, Harris, NBW and Tindle, AG (1984) Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology 25, 956–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA and Norry, MJ (1979) Petrogenetic implications of Ti, Zr, Y and Nb variations in volcanic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 69, 33–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petterson, MP and Windley, BF (1985) Rb-Sr dating of the Kohistan arc-batholith in the Trans-Himalaya of north Pakistan, and tectonic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 74, 45–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pudsey, C (1986) The Northern Suture, Pakistan: margin of a cretaceous island arc. Geological Magazine 123, 405–23. doi: 10.1017/S0016756800033501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pundir, S, Adlakha, V, Kumar, S and Singhal, S (2020) Closure of India–Asia collision margin along the Shyok Suture Zone in the eastern Karakoram: new geochemical and zircon U–Pb geochronological observations. Geological Magazine 157, 1451–72. doi: 10.1017/S0016756819001547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qi, X, Luhua, Z, Grimmer, J and Hu, Z (2014) Tracing the Transhimalayan magmatic belt and the Lhasa block southward using zircon U–Pb, Lu–Hf isotopic and geochemical data: Cretaceous – Cenozoic granitoids in the Tengchong block, Yunnan, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 110, 170–88. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.07.019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rai, H (1982) Geological evidence against the Shyok Palaeo-suture, Ladakh Himalaya. Nature 297, 142–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rai, H (1983) Geology of the Nubra valley and its significance on the evolution of the Ladakh Himalaya. In Geology of Indus Suture Zone of Ladakh (eds Thakur, VC and Sharma, KK), pp. 79–91. Dehradun: Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology.Google Scholar
Rao, DR and Rai, H (2009) Geochemical studies of granitoids from Shyok Tectonic Zone of Khardung-Panamik Section, Ladakh, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India 73, 553–66.Google Scholar
Raz, U and Honegger, K (1989) Magmatic and tectonic evolution of the Ladakh Block from field studies. Tectonophysics 161, 107–18. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(89)90306-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehman, HU, Seno, T, Yamamoto, H and Khan, T (2011) Timing of collision of the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc with India and Asia: debate. Island Arc 20, 308–28. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1738.2011.00774.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reuber, I (1990) Les ophiolites de la Shyok dans l’Himalaya du Ladakh: reliques de la plaque océanique de la Tethys surmontée d’un arc volcano-sédimentaire daté du Crétacé moyen. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences, Série II 310, 1255–62.Google Scholar
Rex, AJ, Searle, MP, Tirrul, R, Crawford, MB, Prior, DJ, Rex, DC and Barnicoat, A. (1988) The geochemical and tectonic evolution of the central Karakoram, North Pakistan. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A326, 229–55. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1988.0086.Google Scholar
Reynolds, P, Brookfield, ME and McNutt, R (1983). The age and nature of Mesozoic-Tertiary magmatism across the Indus Suture Zone in Kashmir and Ladakh (N. W. India and Pakistan). Geologische Rundschau 72, 981–1003. doi: 10.1007/BF01848351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, AHF and Collins, AS (2002) Shyok Suture Zone, N. Pakistan: late Mesozoic tertiary evolution of a critical suture separating the oceanic Ladakh Arc from the Asian continental margin. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 20, 309–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolland, Y (2002) From intra-oceanic convergence to post-collisional evolution: the India-Asia convergence in NW Himalaya, from Cretaceous to present. Journal of The Virtual Explorer 8, 183–205. doi: 10.3809/jvirtex.2002.00052.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolland, Y, Mahéo, G, Guillot, S and Pêcher, A (2001) Tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Karakorum Metamorphic complex (Dassu–Askole area, NE Pakistan): exhumation of mid-crustal HT–MP gneisses in a convergent context. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 19, 717–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolland, Y, Mahéo, G, Pecher, A and Villa, IM (2009) Syn-kinematic emplacement of the Pangong metamorphic and magmatic complex along the Karakorum Fault (N Ladakh). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34, 10–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolland, Y, Pecher, A and Picard, C (2000) Middle Cretaceous back-arc formation and arc evolution along the Asian margin: the Shyok Suture Zone in northern Ladakh (NW Himalaya). Tectonophysics 325, 145–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolland, Y, Picard, C, Pêcher, A, Carrio, E, Sheppard, SM, Oddone, M and Villa, IM (2002a) Presence and geodynamic significance of Cambro-Ordovician series of SE Karakoram (N Pakistan). Geodinamica Acta 15, 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolland, Y, Picard, C, Pecher, A, Lapierre, H, Bosch, D and Keller, F (2002b) The Cretaceous Ladakh arc of NW Himalaya: slab melting and melt–mantle interaction during fast northward drift of Indian Plate. Chemical Geology 182, 139–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolland, Y, Villa, IM, Guillot, S, Mahéo, G and Pêcher, A (2006) Evidence for pre-Cretaceous history and partial Neogene (19–9 Ma) reequilibration in the Karakorum (NW Himalayan Syntaxis) from 40Ar–39Ar amphibole dating. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27, 371–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saktura, WM, Buckman, S, Aitchison, JC and Zhou, R (2021a) Paleogene magmatic flex and flux in the Ladakh Arc, NW Himalaya: chronostratigraphy of the Khardung Formation. Lithos 388, 106053. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saktura, WM, Buckman, S, Nutman, AP and Bennett, VC (2021b) Late Jurassic Changmar Complex from the Shyok ophiolite, NW Himalaya: a prelude to the Ladakh Arc. Geological Magazine 158, 239–60. doi: 10.1017/S0016756820000400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schärer, U, Copeland, P, Harrison, TM and Searle, MP (1990) Age, cooling history, and origin of post-collisional leucogranites in the Karakoram Batholith: a multi-system isotope study. The Journal of Geology 98, 233–51. doi: 10.1086/629395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwab, M, Ratschbacher, L, Siebel, W, Mcwilliams, M, Minaev, V, Lutkov, V, Chen, F, Stanek, K, Nelson, B, Frisch, W and Wooden, JL (2004) Assembly of the Pamirs: age and origin of magmatic belts from the southern Tien Shan to the southern Pamirs and their relation to Tibet. Tectonics 23, TC4002. doi: 10.1029/2003TC0015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shand, SJ (1943) Eruptive Rocks: Their Genesis Composition, Classification, and Their Relation to Ore Deposits with a Chapter on Meteorites. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 444 pp.Google Scholar
Shellnutt, J, Lee, T-Y, Brookfield, M and Chung, S-L (2014) Correlation between magmatism of the Ladakh Batholith and plate convergence rates during the India-Eurasia collision. Gondwana Research 26, 1051–9. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2013.09.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shroder, JF, Eqrar, N, Waizy, H, Ahmadi, H and Weihs, B (2021) Review of the geology of Afghanistan and its water resources. International Geology Review 64, 1009–31. doi: 10.1080/00206814.2021.1904297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, AK, Rai, H, Upadhyay, R and Chandra, R (1999) Contribution to the geology of the eastern Karakoram, India. Geological Society of America Special Paper 328, 33–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivaprabha, S, Bhat, IM, Ahmad, T, Tanaka, T, Balakrishnan, S, Asahara, Y and Mukhopadhyay, D (2022) Geochemical analysis of magmatic rocks from Shyok Suture Zone (SSZ) Trans-Himalaya, NW India: insights for geodynamic evolution of the terrane. Lithos 410–411, 106594. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2022.106594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srimal, N (1986) India-Asia collision: implications from the geology of the eastern Karakoram. Geology 14, 523–7.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, RJ, Reagan, M, Ishizuka, O, Ohara, Y and Whattam, S (2012) To understand subduction initiation, study forearc crust; to understand forearc crust, study ophiolites. Lithosphere 4, 469–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
St-Onge, MR, Rayner, N and Searle, MP (2010) Zircon age determinations for the Ladakh Batholith at Chumathang (Northwest India): implications for the age of the India–Asia collision in the Ladakh Himalaya. Tectonophysics 495, 171–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, SS and McDonough, WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In Magmatism in the Ocean Basins (eds Saunders, AD and Norry, MJ), pp. 313–45. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 42.Google Scholar
Thakur, VC and Misra, DK (1984) Tectonic framework of Indus and Shyok Suture Zones in eastern Ladakh, NW Himalaya. Tectonophysics 101, 207–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thanh, NX, Itaya, T, Ahmad, T, Kojima, S, Ohtani, T and Ehir, M (2010) Mineral chemistry and K-Ar ages of plutons across the Karakoram fault in the Shyok-Nubra confluence of northern Ladakh Himalaya, India. Gondwana Research 17, 180–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thanh, NX, Rajesh, VJ, Itaya, T, Windley, B, Kwon, S, Park, C-S, Ngac, D, Liem, T and Nam, V (2012) A Cretaceous forearc ophiolite in the Shyok suture zone, Ladakh, NW India: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Northwest Himalaya. Lithos 155, 81–93. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2012.08.016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Upadhyay, R (2002) Stratigraphy and tectonics of Ladakh, eastern Karakoram, western Tibet and western Kun Lun. Journal of the Geological Society of India 59, 447–67.Google Scholar
Upadhyay, R (2008) Implications of U-Pb zircon age of the Tirit Granitoids on the closure of the Shyok Suture Zone, northern Ladakh, India. Current Science 94, 1635–9.Google Scholar
Upadhyay, R (2009) U-Pb zircon age for a granite intrusion within the Shyok Suture Zone, Saltoro Hills, northern Ladakh. Current Science 97, 1234–8.Google Scholar
Upadhyay, R (2014) Palaeogeographic significance of “Yasin-type” rudist and orbitolinid fauna of the Shyok Suture Zone, Saltoro Hills, northern Ladakh, India. Current Science 106, 223–8.Google Scholar
Upadhyay, R, Frisch, W and Siebel, W (2008) Tectonic implications of new U-Pb zircon ages of the Ladakh batholith, Indus suture zone, northwest Himalaya, India. Terra Nova 20, 309–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Upadhyay, R, Gautam, S and Awatar, R (2014) Discovery of an entrapped early Permian (ca. 299 Ma) Peri-Gondwanic sliver in the Cretaceous Shyok Suture of Northern Ladakh, India: diverse implications. GSA Today 32, 6. doi: 10.1130/GSATG481A.1.Google Scholar
Upadhyay, R, Sinha, AK, Chandra, R and Rai, H (1999) Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the eastern Karakoram, India. Geodynamica Acta 12, 341–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallis, D and Searle, MP (2019) Spatial and temporal distributions of deformation in strike-slip faults: the Karakoram Fault in the India-Asia Collision Zone. In Transform Plate Boundaries and Fracture Zones (ed. Duarte, JC), pp. 271–300. Amsterdam: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-812064-4.00011-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberg, RF, Dunlap, WJ and Whitehouse, M (2000) New field, structural and geochronological data from the Shyok and Nubra valleys, northern Ladakh: linking Kohistan to Tibet. In Tectonics of Nanga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalaya (ed. M Asif Khan), pp. 253–75. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, LT, Ahmed, T, Ireland, TR, Lister, GS and Forster, MA (2011) Deconvolving episodic age spectra from zircons of the Ladakh Batholith, northwest Indian Himalaya. Chemical Geology 289, 179–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, AJR and Chappell, BW (1977) Ultrametamorphism and granitoid genesis. Tectonophysics 43, 7–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winchester, JA and Floyd, PA (1977) Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology 20, 325–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyatt, CL, Privalsky, V and Datlu, RT (1998) Recommended Practice: Symbols, Units and Uncertainty Analysis for Radiometric Sensor Calibration. Gaithersburg, Maryland: National Institute of Standards and Technology Handbook 152, 128 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yogibekov, D, Sang, M, Xiao, W, Windley, B, Mamadjanov, Y, Yang, H, Huang, P, Aminov, J and Vatanbekov, F (2020) Late Palaeozoic to Late Triassic northward accretion and incorporation of seamounts along the northern South Pamir: insights from the anatomy of the Pshart accretionary complex. Geological Journal 55, 7837–57. doi: 10.1002/gj.3906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, J, Shan, X and Huang, X (2011) Seismotectonics in the Pamir: an oblique transpressional shear and south-directed deep-subduction model. Geoscience Frontiers 2, 1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.gsf.2010.11.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, D-C, Zhao, Z-D, Niu, Y, Dilek, Y, Hou, Z-Q and Mo, X-X (2013) The origin and pre-Cenozoic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Gondwana Research 23, 1429–54. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2012.02.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Chandra et al. supplementary material

Figures S1-S4 and Tables S1-S2

Download Chandra et al. supplementary material(File)
File 4.1 MB