Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8bljj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-06T03:51:53.012Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Application of the European Time Scale to the Upper Tertiary of North America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2009

Extract

Matthew's provisional classification of the freshwater Tertiary of Western America in 1899 was succeeded ten years later by a detailed correlation of the American Tertiary Mammal horizons with those of Europe, published by Osborn and himself in 1909. At that time these authors placed the Pikermi horizon of Europe (Pontian) in the Upper Miocene and the Val d'Arno horizon (Villafranchian) in the Upper Pliocene. They in common with many later writers subsequently adopted a Lower Pliocene and Pleistocene age respectively for the two horizons named. Allowing for this change of view, Osborn's and Matthew's correlation has been substantially followed, with a few modifications due to individual opinion, by all later authorities. The reasons for it were somewhat elaborated by Osborn in his Age of Mammals (1910). It is evident that the Equidae formed the basis for it. The appearance of the genera Anchitherium (as species of Kalobatippus and Hypohippus were then named), Hipparion and Equus in North America were assumed to be approximately contemporaneous with their appearance in Europe. That North America was at any rate the main, if not the exclusive radiative centre for the distribution of the Equidae has been universally acknowledged. Hence Osborn's and Matthew's choice of this group as a standard of age seemed to be fully justified. In accordance with it the first Hipparion beds of North America were regarded as Pontian.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1940

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

PARTIAL LIST OF LITERATURE QUOTED

Borissiak, A., 1918. The remains of Chalicotherioidea from the Oligocene deposits of Turgai. Ann. Soc. Pal. Russ., iii, 4351.Google Scholar
Borissiak, A., 1927 a. Brachypotherium aurelianense Nouel var. nov. Gaileti, from the Miocene deposits of the Turgai region. Bull. Acad. Sci. Urss., 273286.Google Scholar
Borissiak, A., 1927 b. Aceratherium depereti n. sp. from the Jilancik beds. Bull. Acad. Sci. URSS., 769786.Google Scholar
Borissiak, A., 1928. On a new Mastodon from the Chokrak beds (Middle Miocene) of the Kuban region, Platybeledon danovi n. gen. Ann. Soc. Paleont. Russ., vii, 105120.Google Scholar
Borissiak, A., 1929. On a new direction in the adaptive radiation of Mastodonts. Palaeobiologica, ii, 1933.Google Scholar
Borissiak, A., 1937. On Paranchiterium karpinskii gen. et sp. n. New representative of the Equidae from the Middle Miocene deposits of the Caucasus. Bull. Acad. Sci. URSS., cl. Sci. Math, et Nat. Ser. Geol. Moscou, No. 4, 789793.Google Scholar
Borissiak, A., 1938 a. A new Dicerorhinus from the Middle Miocene of North Caucasus. Trav. Instit. Paleozool. Acad. Sci. URSS., viii, Livr. 2, 169.Google Scholar
Borissiak, A., 1938 b. Contribution to the phylogeny of Dicerorhinae, C.R. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. URSS., xix, 767770.Google Scholar
Colbert, E. H., 1934 a. An Upper Miocene Suid from the Gobi Desert. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 690, 17.Google Scholar
Colbert, E. H., 1934 b Chalicotheres from Mongolia and China in the American Museum. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxvii, 353387.Google Scholar
Colbert, E. H., 1935 a. Distributional and phylogenetic studies on India fossil Mammals, III. A classification of the Chalicotherioidea. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 789, 116.Google Scholar
Colbert, E. H., 1935 b. Siwalik Mammals in the American Museum of Natural History. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., N.S. xxvi, i–x + 1401.Google Scholar
Colbert, E. H., 1936 a. Tertiary deer discovered by the American Museum Asiatic expeditions. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 854, 121.Google Scholar
Colbert, E. H., 1936 b. Palaeotragus in the Tung Gur formation of Mongolia. Amer. Mus. Novitates, Nos. 874, 117.Google Scholar
Colbert, E. H., 1939 a. A new Anchitherine horse from the Tung Gur formation of Mongolia. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 1019, 19.Google Scholar
Colbert, E. H., 1939 b. Carnivora of the Tung Gur formation of Mongolia. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxxxvi, 4781.Google Scholar
Cook, H. J., 1934. New Artiodactyls from the Oligocene and Lower Miocene of Nebraska. Amer. Midl. Nat., xv, 148164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, E. H., and M., C., 1933. Faunal Lists of the Tertiary Vertebrata of Nebraska and adjacent areas. Nebraska Geol. Surv., No. 5, 158.Google Scholar
Cooper, , Forster, C., 1920. Chalicotheroidea from Baluchistan. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1920, 357366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flerov, K. K., 1938. Remains of ungulata from Bet-Pakdala. C.R. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. URSS. Moscou, xxi, 94–6.Google Scholar
Frick, C., 1937. Horned Ruminants of North America. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxix, i–xxvii + 1669.Google Scholar
Gazin, C. L., 1935. Annotated list of Pleistocene Mammalia from American Falls, Idaho. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxv, 297302.Google Scholar
Gazin, C. L., 1936. A study of the fossil horse remains from the Upper Pliocene of Idaho. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., lxxxiii, 281320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geological Map of U.S.S.R., 1937. XVII Internat. Geol. Congr., 8 sheets.Google Scholar
Haug, E., 1911. Traité de Géologie, II: Les périodes géologiques, 8vo., Paris.Google Scholar
Helbing, H., 1928. Carnivoren des oberen Stampian. Abhandl. Schweiz. Pal. Ges., xlvii, 183.Google Scholar
Kleinpell, R. M., 1938. Miocene Stratigraphy of California, 8vo, publ. by Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol.Google Scholar
Lapparent, J.De, 1906. Traité de Géologie, 5th ed., 8vo, Paris.Google Scholar
Lewis, G. E., 1937. A new Siwalik correlation. Amer. Journ. Sci., xxxiii, 191204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthew, W. D., 1902. List of the Pleistocene fauna from Hay Springs, Nebraska. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xvi, 317322.Google Scholar
Matthew, W. D., 1931. Critical observations on the phylogeny of the rhinoceroses. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., xx, 19.Google Scholar
Mayet, L., 1908. Étude des Mammifères Miocènes des Sables de l'Orleanais et des Faluns de la Touraine. Ann. Univ. Lyon, N.S., fasc. 24, 1336.Google Scholar
Mayet, L., 1909. Étude sommaire des Mammifères fossiles des Faluns de la Touraine. Ann. Univ. Lyon, N.S., fasc. 26, 172.Google Scholar
McGrew, P. O., 1938. The Burge fauna, a Lower Pliocene Mammalian assemblage from Nebraska. Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., xxiv, 309328.Google Scholar
McGrew, P. O., and Meade, G. E., 1938. The bearing of the Valentine area in continental Miocene-Pliocene correlation. Amer. Journ. Sci., xxxvi, 197207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orlov, J. A., 1929. Neue Funde fossiler Säugetiere in Siberien. Trav. Mus. Geol. Acad. Sci. URSS, vii, 159166.Google Scholar
Orlov, J. A., 1933. Semantor macrurus (Ordo Pinnipedia, Fam. Semantoridae Fam. nov.) aus dem Neogen-ablagerungen Westsiberiens, Trav. Inst. Palaeozool. Acad. Sci. URSS, ii, 165268.Google Scholar
Orlov, J. A., 1936 a. Tertiäre Raubtiere des Westlichen Siberiens I. Machairodontinae. Trav. Inst. Palaeozool. Acad. Sci. URSS., v, 111152.Google Scholar
Orlov, J. A., 1936 b. Fundort der Hipparionfauna am Irtysch in der Stadt Pawlodar (W. Siberien). Trav. Inst. Palaeozool. Acad. Sci. URSS, v, 155169.Google Scholar
Orlov, J. A., 1939. On the structure of extremities of Parataxidea crassa Zdansky, contribution to the phylogeny of Melinae. C.R. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. URSS., xxii, 527–9.Google Scholar
Orlov, J. A., 1939. On dentition and extremities of Ictitherium hipparionum Gervais, contribution to the phylogeny of Ictitheriinae. C.R. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. URSS., xxii, 530–2.Google Scholar
Orlov, J. A., 1939. On the structure of extremities of Crocuta eximia Roth et Wagner, contribution to the phylogeny of Hyaenae. C.R. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. URSS., xxii, 533–5.Google Scholar
Osborn, H. F., 1932. The “Elephas meridionalis” stage arrives in America. Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., xi, 13.Google Scholar
Osborn, H. F., 1936. Proboscidea, vol. i, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. New York.Google Scholar
Pilgrim, G. E., 1934. Two new species of Sheep-like antelope from the Miocene of Mongolia. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 716, 129.Google Scholar
Pilgrim, G. E., 1939 a. The fossil Bovidae of India. Pal. Ind., N.S., xxvi, 1356.Google Scholar
Pilgrim, G. E., 1939 b. Are the Equidae reliable for the correlation of the Siwaliks with the Coenozoic stages of North America? Appendix by A. T. Hopwood. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., lxxiii, 437482.Google Scholar
Ringström, T., 1924. Nashörner der Hipparion-Fauna Nord-Chinas. Pal. Sinica, ser. C, i, fasc. 4, 1157.Google Scholar
Schreuder, A., 1929. Conodontes (Trogontherium) and Castor from the Teglian Clay compared with the Castoridae from other localities. Arch. Mus. Teyler, Haarlem, ser. III, vi, 99319.Google Scholar
Schreuder, A., 1931. Conodontes, Trogontherium and the other Castoridae. Palaeont. Zeitschr., xiii, 148176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, G. G., 1933. Glossary and correlation charts of North American Mammal-bearing formations. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxvii, 79121.Google Scholar
Stehlin, H. G., 1929. Artiodactylen mit fünffingriger Vorderextremitat aus dem europäischen Oligocän. Verh. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel, xl, 599625.Google Scholar
Stirton, R. A., 1934. A new species of Amblycastor from the Platybelodon beds, Tung Gur formation, of Mongolia. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 694, 14.Google Scholar
Stirton, R. A. 1936. Succession of North American continental Pliocene Mammalian faunas. Amer. Journ. Sci. (5), xxxii, 161206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stirton, R. A., 1939 a. Significance of Tertiary Mammalian faunas in Holarctic correlation with especial reference to the Pliocene in California. Journ. Palaeont., xiii, 130–7.Google Scholar
Stirton, R. A., 1939 b. Cenozoic Mammal Remains from the San Francisco Bay region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., xxiv, 339410.Google Scholar
Stirton, R. A., 1939 c. Methods and procedure in the Valentine question. Amer. Journ. Sci., xxxvii, 429433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teilhard de Chardin, P., 1938. Le Villafranchien d'Asie et la question du Villafranchien. C.R.S. Soc. Geol. France, 1938, 325–7.Google Scholar
Troxell, E. L., 1921. The American Bothriodonts. Amer. Journ. Sci. (5), i, 325339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viret, J., 1929. Les faunes de Mammifères de l'Oligocène supérieur de la Limagne Bourbonnaise. Ann. Univ. Lyon, N.S., fasc. 47, 1328.Google Scholar
Wehrli, H., 1938. Anchitherium aurelianense Cuv. von Steinheim A. Albuch und seine Stellung im Rahmen der übrigen Anchitherienen Pferde, Palaeontographica, Suppl.-Bd., viii, Teil 7, 156.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. W., 1937. Pliocene Rodents of Western North America. Carn. Instit. Washington Publ. 487, 2173.Google Scholar
Wood, H. E. 2nd, 1927. Some early Tertiary Rhinoceroses and Hyracodonts. Bull. Amer. Palaeont., xiii, No. 50, 1104.Google Scholar
Wood, H. E. 1929. American Oligocene Rhinoceroses—a postscript. Journ. Mamm., x, 6375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, H. E. 1931. Lower Oligocene Rhinoceroses of the genus Trigonias. Journ. Mamm., xii, 414428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, H. E. 1933. A fossil Rhinoceros (Diceratherium armatum Marsh) from Gallatin, County Montana. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., lxxxii, 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, A. E., 1936. Two new rodents from the Miocene of Mongolia. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 865, 17.Google Scholar
Young, C. C., 1937. On a Miocene Mammalian fauna from Shantung. Bull. Geol. Soc. China, xvii, 209238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar