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Further Extension of Protection against Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation under Directive 2000/78/EC

Court of Justice (Second Chamber) 12 January 2023, Case C-356/21, J.K. v TP S.A., ECLI:EU:C:2023:9

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2023

Tomasz Jaroszyński Open the ORCID record for Tomasz Jaroszyński [Opens in a new window]  and
Justyna Łacny Open the ORCID record for Justyna Łacny [Opens in a new window]
Tomasz Jaroszyński*
Affiliation:
Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Justyna Łacny
Affiliation:
Warsaw University of Technology, Poland, email: justyna.lacny@pw.edu.pl
*
email: tomasz.jaroszynski@pw.edu.pl
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Abstract

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Type
Case Note
Information
European Constitutional Law Review , Volume 19 , Issue 3 , September 2023 , pp. 548 - 566
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the University of Amsterdam

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References

1 ECJ 12 January 2023, Case C-356/21, J.K. v TP S.A.

2 Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation, OJ L 303.

3 U. Belavusau and K. Henrard, ‘A Bird’s Eye View on EU Anti-Discrimination Law: The Impact of the 2000 Equality Directives’, 20 German Law Journal (2019) p. 624-625.

4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7fpUj9zxfs, visited 31 August 2023.

5 Art. 1 of Directive 2000/78/EC.

6 Art. 3(1)(a) and Art. 3(1)(c) of Directive 2000/78/EC.

7 Art. 2(5) of Directive 2000/78/EC.

8 Art. 17 of Directive 2000/78/EC.

9 Journal of Laws 2016, item 1219.

10 Art. 8(1) (2) of the Equality Act.

11 Art. 4(2) of the Equality Act.

12 Art. 13 of the Equality Act.

13 Opinion of AG Ćapeta, J.K. v TP S.A., para. 55.

14 Ibid., para. 61.

15 Ibid., para. 72.

16 Ibid., para. 88.

17 Ibid., paras. 93 and 94.

18 Ibid., paras. 113-118.

19 J.K. v TP S.A., para. 34. Cf ECJ 2 June 2022, Case C-587/20, HK/Danmark and HK/Privat, para. 25.

20 J.K. v TP S.A., para. 36.

21 According to the well-established case law of the ECJ, an ‘employee’ within the meaning of Art, 45 TFEU is a person who performs, for a certain period of time, for and under the direction of another person, work in return for remuneration (see e.g. ECJ 15 July 2021, Case C-742/19, Ministrstvo za obrambo, para. 49).

22 J.K. v TP S.A., paras. 40-42.

23 Ibid., para. 43. Cf ECJ 2 June 2022, Case C-587/20, HK/Danmark and HK/Privat, para 34.

24 J.K. v TP S.A., paras. 54 and 55. Cf ECJ 11 November 2010, Case C-232/09, Danosa, para. 69.

25 J.K. v TP S.A., paras. 44 and 45.

26 Art, 3(1)(a) of Directive 2000/78/EC.

27 J.K. v TP S.A., paras. 56 and 57. Cf ECJ 2 June 2022, Case C-587/20, HK/Danmark and HK/Privat, para. 51.

28 J.K. v TP S.A., para. 58.

29 J.K. v TP S.A., paras. 62 and 63. Cf ECJ 20 December 2017, Case C-442/16, Gusa, para. 43.

30 J.K. v TP S.A., paras. 65 and 66.

31 Ibid., paras. 67-70. Cf ECJ 7 November 2019, Case C-396/18, Cafaro, para. 41.

32 J.K. v TP S.A., paras. 72-74. Cf ECJ 21 December 2021, Case C-124/20, Bank Melli Iran, para. 79.

33 J.K. v TP S.A., para. 75. Cf ECJ 22 January 2013, Case C-283/11, Sky Österreich, para. 45.

34 J.K. v TP S.A., paras. 77 and 78.

35 See e.g. ECJ 12 January 2010, Case C-341/08, Petersen. For more, see A.-L. Bauer, ‘Case Note – Case C-229/08 Domnica Peterson v Berufungsausschuss für Zahnärzte für den Bezirk Westfalen-Lippe, Judgement of 12 January 2010. Case C-341/08 Colin Wolf v Frankfurt am Main, Judgment of 12 January, 2010’, 17 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law (2010) p. 200.

36 ECJ 1 April 2008, Case C-267/06, Maruko. See A. Bodnar, ‘Prohibition of Discrimination against Homosexual Couples – Gloss on the Judgment of the ECJ of 1.04.2008 in case C-267/06 Tadao Maruko v Versorgungsanstalt der deutschen Bühnen’, 10 European Judicial Review (2008) p. 43; G.N. Toggenburg, “LGBT” go Luxembourg: on the Stance of Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Rights before the European Court of Justice’, European Law Reporter (2008) p. 174.

37 ECJ 10 May 2011, Case C-147/08, Römer.

38 ECJ 12 December 2013, Case C-267/12, Hay.

39 ECJ 24 November 2016, Case C-443/15, Parris. See A. Tryfonidou, ‘Another Failed Opportunity for the Effective Protection of the Rights of Same-sex Couples under EU Law: Parris v Trinity College Dublin and Others’, 2 Anti-Discrimination Law Review (2017) p. 83; S. Atrey, ‘Illuminating the ECJ’s Blind Spot of Intersectional Discrimination in Parris v Trinity College Dublin’, 2 Industrial Law Journal (2018) p. 278.

40 ECJ 23 April 2020, Case C-507/18, Associazione Avvocatura per i diritti LGBTI. For more on this topic see V. Passalacqua, ‘Homophobic Statements and Hypothetical Discrimination: Expanding the Scope of Directive 2000/78/EC: ECJ 23 April 2020, Case C-507/18, Associazione Avvocatura per i diritti LGBTI’, 3 EuConst (2020) p. 513, A. Tryfonidou, ‘Case C-507/18 NH v Associazione Avvocatura per i diritti LGBTI – Rete Lenford: Homophobic Speech and EU Anti-discrimination Law’, 4 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law (2020) p. 513.

41 Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (OJ L 180). In accordance with recital 16 of the preamble to that Directive, it is important to protect all individuals against discrimination on grounds of racial or ethnic origin. Member states should also provide, as appropriate and in accordance with their national traditions and practice, protection for legal persons where they are victims of discrimination on grounds of the racial or ethnic origin of their members.

42 Survey of the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights of LGBTI people in the EU, https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2020/eu-lgbti-survey-results, visited 31 August 2023.

43 Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (OJ L 180).

44 Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast) (OJ L 204).

45 E. Howard, ‘EU Anti-Discrimination Law: Has the CJEU Stopped Moving Forward?’, 2-3 International Journal of Discrimination and the Law (2018) p. 74.

46 Proposal for a Council Directive on implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation, COM(2008) 426 final.

47 See A. Ward, ‘The Impact of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights on Anti-Discrimination Law: More a Whimper than a Bang?’, Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies (2018) p. 32.

48 See the overview of national legislation contained in P. Dunne, Sexual Orientation Discrimination Law outside the Labour Market (European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, Publications Office 2020), https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2838/70902, visited 31 August 2023.

49 See Constitutional Tribunal 26 June 2019, Case K 16/17.

50 See Supreme Court 8 December 2020, Case II KA 1/20.

51 Eurobarometer on the social acceptance of LGBTIQ people in the EU, 2019, https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/lesbian-gay-bi-trans-and-intersex-equality/eurobarometer-social-acceptance-lgbtiq-people-eu-2019_en, visited 31 August 2023.

52 Dunne, supra n. 48, p. 77 and 83.

53 G. Leśniak, ‘Sąd: Ochrona przed dyskryminacją ze względu na orientację seksualną nie tylko na etacie’, https://www.prawo.pl/kadry/dyskryminacja-ze-wzgledu-na-orientacje-seksualna-a-forma,521000.html, visited 31 August 2023.