Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-r5zm4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-03T07:49:34.488Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Suppose We Know Things

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 August 2021

Matt Duncan*
Affiliation:
Rhode Island College, Providence, RI, USA
*

Abstract

When contemporary philosophers discuss the nature of knowledge, or conduct debates that the nature of knowledge is relevant to, they typically treat all knowledge as propositional. However, recent introductory epistemology texts and encyclopedia entries often mention three kinds of knowledge: (i) propositional knowledge, (ii) abilities knowledge, and (iii) knowledge of things/by acquaintance. This incongruity is striking for a number of reasons, one of which is that what kinds of knowledge there are is relevant to various debates in philosophy. In this paper I focus on this point as it relates to the third kind of knowledge mentioned above – knowledge of things. I start by supposing that we have knowledge of things, and then I show how this supposition reshapes various debates in philosophy.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alston, W.P. (2002). ‘Sellars and the ‘Myth of the Given’.’ Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 65, 6986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audi, R. (2010). Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge, 3rd edition. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benton, M.A. (2017). ‘Epistemology Personalized.’ Philosophical Quarterly 67, 813–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, N. (1995). ‘On a Confusion About a Function of Consciousness.’ Brain and Behavioral Sciences 18, 227–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonjour, L. (1978). ‘Can Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation?’ American Philosophical Quarterly 15(1), 113.Google Scholar
Bonjour, L. (2003). ‘A Version of Internalist Foundationalism.’ In Bonjour, L. and Sosa, E. (eds), Epistemic Justification: Internalism vs. Externalism, Foundations vs. Virtues. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Byrne, A. (2016). ‘The Epistemic Significance of Experience.’ Philosophical Studies 173(4), 947–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camp, E. (2007). ‘Thinking with Maps.’ Philosophical Perspectives 21(1), 145–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camp E. (2014). ‘Logical Concepts and Associative Characterizations.’ In Margolis, E. and Laurence, S. (eds), The Conceptual Mind: New Directions in the Study of Concepts, pp. 591621. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Camp, E. and Shupe, E. (2017). ‘Instrumental Reasoning in Non-Human Animals.’ In Beck, J. and Andrews, K. (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Animals Minds, pp. 100–8. New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carruthers, P. (2006). The Architecture of the Mind: Massive Modularity and the Flexibility of Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalmers, D. (1996). The Conscious Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chalmers, D. (2003). ‘The Content and Epistemology of Phenomenal Belief.’ In Smith, Q. and Jokic, A. (eds), Consciousness: New Philosophical Perspectives, pp. 154. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Chisholm, R. (1942). ‘The Problem of the Speckled Hen.’ Mind 51, 368–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, S. (2020). ‘Natural Acquaintance.’ In Knowles, J. and Raleigh, T. (eds), Acquaintance: New Essays, pp. 4974. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Conee, E. (1994). ‘Phenomenal Knowledge.’ Australasian Journal of Philosophy 72(2), 136–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crane, T. (2012). ‘Tye on Acquaintance and the Problems of Consciousness.’ Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 84, 190–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, D. (1986). ‘A Coherence Theory of Truth and Knowledge.’ In LePore, E. (ed.), Truth and Interpretation: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, pp. 307–19 Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Duncan, M. (2020). ‘Knowledge of Things.’ Synthese 197(8), 3559–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, M. (2021). ‘Experience is Knowledge.’ Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Mind 1, 106–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, J.S.B.T. (2008). ‘Dual-processing Accounts of Reasoning, Judgment, and Social Cognition.’ Annual Review of Psychology 59, 255–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fantl, J. (2017). ‘Knowledge How.’ In E.N. Zalta (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/knowledge-how/.Google Scholar
Farkas, K. (2019). ‘Objectual Knowledge.’ In Knowles, J. and Raleigh, T. (eds), Acquaintance: New Essays, pp. 260–76. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, R. (2002). Epistemology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.Google Scholar
Fiocco, M.O. (2017). ‘Knowing Things in Themselves: Mind, Brentano and Acquaintance.’ Grazer Philosophische Studien 94, 332–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fumerton, R. (1995). Metaepistemology and Skepticism. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Fumerton, R. (2005). ‘Speckled Hens and Objects of Acquaintance.’ Philosophical Perspectives 19, 121–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fumerton, R. (2006). Epistemology. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gertler, B. (2011). Self-Knowledge. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gertler, B. (2012). ‘Renewed Acquaintance.’ In Smithies, D. and Stoljar, D. (eds), Introspection and Consciousness, pp. 89123. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Giustina, A. and Kriegel, U. (Forthcoming). ‘Two Kinds of Introspection.’ In Weisberg, J. (ed.), Qualitative Consciousness: Themes from the Philosophy of David Rosenthal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hasan, A. and Fumerton, R. (2019). ‘Knowledge by Acquaintance vs. Description.’ In E.N. Zalta (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/knowledge-acquaintance/.Google Scholar
Hofmann, F. (2014). ‘Non-Conceptual Knowledge.’ Philosophical Issues 24(1), 184208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huemer, M. (2001). Skepticism and the Veil of Perception. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Ichikawa, J.J. and Steup, M. (2017). ‘The Analysis of Knowledge.’ In E.N. Zalta (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/knowledge-analysis/.Google Scholar
Jackson, F. (1982). ‘Epiphenomenal Qualia.’ Philosophical Quarterly 32, 127–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, M. (2006). ‘Better than Mere Knowledge? The Function of Sensory Awareness.’ In Gendler, T.S. and Hawthorne, J. (eds), Perceptual Experience, pp. 260–90. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289769.003.0008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, L.J. (2018). ‘Divine Ineffability and Franciscan Knowledge.’ Res Philosophica 95(3), 347–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kriegel, U. (2018). ‘Belief-that and Belief-in: Which Reductive Analysis?’ In Gzrankowski, A. and Montague, M. (eds), Non-Propositional Intentionality, pp. 192213. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lyons, J. (2009). Perception and Basic Beliefs: Zombies, Modules, and the Problem of the External World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markie, P. (2009). ‘Classical Foundationalism and Speckled Hens.’ Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 79(1), 190206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, R. (2010). Epistemology: A Beginner's Guide. London: Oneworld Press.Google Scholar
McGinn, C. (2008). ‘Consciousness as Knowingness.’ The Monist 91(2), 237–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, P. (1989). Knowledge and Evidence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Millikan, R. (2006). ‘Styles of Rationality.’ In Hurley, S.L. and Nudds, M. (eds), Rational Animals?, pp. 117–26. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nigel, T. (2017). ‘Mental Imagery.’ In E.N. Zalta (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/mental-imagery/.Google Scholar
Paul, L.A. (2014). Transformative Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitt, D. (Forthcoming). ‘Acquaintance and Phenomenal Concepts.’ In Coleman, S. (ed.), Cambridge Classic Arguments Series: The Knowledge Argument, pp. 87101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Poston, T. (2007). ‘Acquaintance and the Problem of the Speckled Hen.’ Philosophical Studies 132, 331–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prinz, J. (2002). Furnishing the Mind: Concepts and Their Perceptual Basis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pryor, J. (2000). ‘The Skeptic and the Dogmatist.’ Noûs 34(4), 517–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, B. (1911). ‘Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description.’ Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 11, 108–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, B. (1912). The Problems of Philosophy. London: Thornton Butterworth.Google Scholar
Sellars, W. (1956). ‘Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind.’ Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 1, 253329.Google Scholar
Shepard, R.N. and Metzler, J. (1971). ‘Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects.’ Science 171, 701–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shin, S.J. (1994). The Logical Status of Diagrams. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Siegel, S. (2017). The Rationality of Perception. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, S. and Silins, N. (2014). ‘Consciousness, Attention, and Justification.’ In Dodd, D. and Zardini, E. (eds), Skepticism and Perceptual Justification, pp. 149–69. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sloman, S. (1996). ‘The Empirical Case for Two Systems of Reasoning.’ Psychological Bulletin 1991, 322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sosa, E. (2003). ‘Beyond Internal Foundations to External Virtues.’ In Bonjour, L. and Sosa, E. (eds), Epistemic Justification: Internalism vs. Externalism, Foundations vs. Virtues, pp. 396. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Steup, M. (2017). ‘Epistemology.’ In E.N. Zalta (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/epistemology/.Google Scholar
Stump, E. (2010). Wandering in Darkness: Narrative and the Problem of Suffering. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tye, M. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
White, R. (2014). ‘What is My Evidence That Here is a Hand?’ In Dodd, D. and Zardini, E. (eds), Skepticism and Perceptual Justification, pp. 298321. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar