Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-r5zm4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-03T17:49:12.121Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Studies in Relation to Malaria

II. The Structure and Biology of Anopheles

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2009

George H. F. Nuttall  and
Arthur E. Shipley,
George H. F. Nuttall
Affiliation:
University Lecturer in Bacteriology and Preventive Medicine, Cambridge;
Arthur E. Shipley,
Affiliation:
Fellow and Tutor of Christ's College, University Lecturer on the Advanced Morphology of the Invertebrates, Cambridge.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The importance of malaria as a disease affecting vast numbers of the human race renders it essential that we should study most completely all that affects the etiology of the disease. Through the brilliant researches of Ross, Grassi, Bignami and Bastianelli, and others we know that several species of Anopheles serve as definitive hosts of human malarial parasites, and that when these insects are infected they are capable of communicating the parasite to man. As far as the evidence goes these insects appear to be the only means by which the disease is spread. The sexually mature parasites circulating in man's blood gain access to the insect when it feeds upon this fluid. After a period of 7 to 8 days, under suitable conditions of temperature, the parasites appear in the insect's saliva, and when this occurs the latter is capable of producing infection by the act of biting. The highly interesting literature on this subject has been considered elsewhere by one of us, as also by Lühe, and the reader is referred to these publications for particulars1.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Hygiene , Volume 1 , Issue 1 , January 1901 , pp. 45 - 77
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1901

References

Literature

Bassett-Smith, P. W. (1900), Observations of Mosquitoes. Journal of Tropical Medicine, vol. III. p. 53. (Oct.)Google Scholar
Brauer, F. (1883), Die Zweiflügler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. III. Systematische Studien auf Grundlage der Dipteren-Larven etc. Denkschrift d. math.-naturw. Cl. d. Kais. Akad. d. Wiss. vol. 47, pp. 1–96. Plate 1.Google Scholar
Celli, A. and Delpino, G. (1 Sept. 1899), Contributo allo studio dell' epidemiologia della malaria secondo le recenti vedute etiologiche. (Estratto dal Supplemento al Policlinico, Anno 1899, 11 pp. (published in October). Also published in German in Centralbl. f. Bakteriologie, vol. XXVI. pp. 480–486.Google Scholar
Celli, A. and Delpino, G. (1900), Beitrag zur Erkenntnis der Malariaepidemiologie vom neuesten ätiologischen Standpunkte aus. (Zweite vorläufige Mitteilung.) Centralbl. f. Bakteriologie, Bd. xxvii. pp. 309–313. (10 March.)Google Scholar
Christophers, S. R. and Stephens, J. W. W. (1900), Further Reports to the Malaria Committee, 1900. Royal Society, 22 pp. London (Harrison and Sons, 15 Aug.)Google Scholar
Editorial (1900), Mosquitoes and Malaria in Calcutta. Indian Med. Gazette (Calcutta), vol. XXXV. pp. 400–401. (Oct.)Google Scholar
Ficalbi, E. (1899), Venti specie di Zanzare (Culicidae) Italiane classate e descrittee indicate secondo la loro distribuzione corologica. Bullet. d. Soc. Entomol. Italiana, Anno xxxi. pp. 46–232. 89 figures. Florence.Google Scholar
Fielding-Ould, R. (1900), Observations at Freetown, Accra, and Lagos. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Memoir II. pp. 51–58.Google Scholar
Fischer, G. (1812–1813), Observations sur quelques diptères de la Russie. Notice sur la larve de Culex claviger de Fabricius. Mém. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou, IV. pp. 167–180. Plate I.Google Scholar
Giles, G. M. (1900), Description of two species of Anopheles from West Africa. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Memoir II. p. 49—51. (Describes A. costalis and A. funestus nov. spec.)Google Scholar
Giles, G. M. (1900), A Handbook of the Gnats or Mosquitoes. London (John Baile, Sons, and Danielsson, Ltd.).Google ScholarPubMed
Grassi, B. (18 June, 1899), Ancora sulla malaria. R. Accad. dei Lincei, Ser. 5, vol. VIII. 1 sem. fasc. 12. Seduta del 18 giugno. Reprint 3 pp. (Published 22 June.)Google Scholar
Grassi, B. (31 August, 1899), Le recenti scoperte sulla malaria esposte in forma popolare. Milano. (Estratto dal fasc. 7 (Luglio) della Rivista di Scienze biologiche.) Reprint 55 pp.Google Scholar
Grassi, B. (17 Sept. 1899), Ancora sulla malaria. R. Accad. dei Lincei, Ser. 5, vol. VIII. 2 sem. fasc. 6. Reprint 3 pp.Google Scholar
Grassi, B. (Oct. 1899). Osservazioni sul rapporto della seconda spedizione malarica in Italia presieduta dal prof. Koch, composta oltre che dallo stesso Koch, dal prof. Frosch, dal dott. Ollwig e coadiuvata dal prof. Gosio, direttore dei laboratori di sanità del Regno d'Italia. Rendiconti d. R. Accad. d. Lincei, Cl. di sc. fis., mat. e nat. Reprint 18 pp.Google Scholar
Grassi, B. (1900), Studi di uno zoologo sulla malaria. (9 fig. e 5 tav.) Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Anno ccxcvi. Ser. 5, Memoria della Classe di sc. fis., mat. e nat. vol. III. 209 pp. 4°. (Published 4 June.)Google Scholar
Grassi, B. (1900), Studi ulteriori sulla malaria. Rendiconti d. Reale Accad. dei Lincei. Cl. di sc. fis., mat. e nat. vol. IX. fasc. 7, pp. 215–224. (Communication of 7 Oct.)Google Scholar
Grassi, B. and NoÈ, G. (1900), The Propagation of the Filariae of the Blood exclusively by means of the puncture of peculiar Mosquitoes. Preliminary Note. Brit. Med. Journ. vol. II. pp. 1306–1307. (Nov. 3.) Also in Rendiconti d. R. Accad. d. Lincei, IX. 2 sem. ser. 5 a. fasc. 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, St George (1900), Anopheles in St Lucia. Brit. Med. Journ. vol. II. pp. 583–584. (Sept. 1.)Google Scholar
Gray, St George (1900), What becomes of the mosquitoes during the dry season ? Journal of Tropical Medicine, vol. II. p. 250. (May.)Google Scholar
Howard, L. O. (1900), Notes on the mosquitoes of the United States: giving some account of their structure and biology, with remarks on remedies. U. S. Dept. of Agricult. Division of Entomology, Bulletin No. 25, n.s. 70 pp. 22 figures. Washington, Government Printing Office. (Recd. Sept.)Google Scholar
James, S. P. (1900), On the Metamorphosis of the Filaria sanguinis hominis in Mosquitoes, especially with reference to its metamorphosis in the Anopheles Rossii and other Mosquitoes of the Anopheles Genus. Brit. Med. Journ. vol. II. (Sept. 1) pp. 533–537), 7 figures. Also Indian Med. Gazette, vol. xxxv. p. 169–171 (May), 340–343 (Sept.)Google Scholar
Joblot, (1754), Observations d'histoire naturelle, faites avec le microscope, etc. vol. I. part II. chap. L.: ”Description d'un nouveau Poisson que j'ai trouvé dans l'eau du bassin de S. Magloire du Fauxbourg S. Jaques à Paris, qu'on peut nommer Chenille aquatique.” Pp. 121–123. Plate 14.Google Scholar
Low, G. C. (1900), Filaria nocturna in Culex: probable Mode of Infection of Man. Journ. of Tropical Med. vol. II. pp. 312–313. With coloured plate. (July.) Also in Brit. Med. Journ.Google Scholar
Lühe, M. (1900), Ergebnisse der neueren Sporozoenforschung. Zusammenfassende Darstellung mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Malariaparasiten und ihrer nächsten Verwandten. Centralbl. f. Bakteriologie, Bd. XXVII. pp. 436–460, 9 figures and bibliography, Bd. xxviii. pp. 205–209, 258–264, 384–392.Google Scholar
MacDonald, Ian (16 Sept. 1899), Mosquitoes in relation to malaria. Brit. Med. Journ. vol. II. p. 699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manson, P. (1900), Experimental Proof of the Mosquito-Malaria Theory. Brit. Med. Journ. vol. II. pp. 949–951, 2 figures and 1 chart. (Sept. 29.) Also Lancet, vol. II. p. 923–925. (Sept. 29.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meinert, Fr. (1886), De encephale Myggelarver. Sur les larves encéphales des Diptères; leurs mœurs et leurs métamorphoses. K. Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, III. pp. 373–493. Plates I—IV. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Miall, L. C. (1895), The Natural History of Aquatic Insects. London (Macmillan and Co.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuttall, G. H. F. (1899–1900), I. On the Rôle of Insects, Arachnids and Myriapods, as Carriers in the Spread of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases of Man and Animals. A critical and historical Study. Johns Hopkins Hospital Reports, vol. VIII. 154 pp. 3 plates.Google Scholar
II. Die Mosquito-Malaria-Theorie. Centralbl. f. Bakteriologie, vol. XXV. pp. 162–170, 209–216, 245–247, 285–296, 337–346.Google Scholar
III. Neuere Forschungen über die Rolle des Mosquitos bei der Verbreitung der Malaria. Zusammenfassendes Referat. Ibid. vol. XXVI. pp. 140–147, and vol. xxvii. pp. 193–196, 218–225, 260–264, 328–340. (Exhaustive bibliography.) The part on Malaria has appeared in part in the Journ. of Tropical Med. London.Google Scholar
Nuttall, G. H. F. (1900), Article “Filariasis,” Encyclopedia Medica, vol. III. pp. 25, with 2 plates and bibliography.Google Scholar
Rees, D. C. (1900), Experimental Proof of the Malaria-Mosquito Theory. Brit. Med. Journ. vol. II. p. 1054. (Oct. 6.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, L. (1900), Abstract of a Paper on the Relationship of Drinking Water;—Water-Logging and the Distribution of Anopheles Mosquitoes, respectively to the Prevalence of Malaria North of Calcutta. (From Proc. of the Asiatic Soc., read July.) Indian Med. Gazette, vol. XXXV. pp. 345–349. (Sept.)Google Scholar
Ross, R. (1900). The Relationship of Malaria and the Mosquito. Lancet, vol. II. pp. 48–50. (July 7.) (Criticisms of a letter by Dauber in the Lancet for June 23, p. 1834.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, R., Annett, H. E., and Austen, E. E. (1900). Report of the Malaria Expedition of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Medical Parasitology. (With Illustrations, Plates and Maps.) Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Memoir II. 47 pp. 4°.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sambon, L. W. and Low, G. C. (1900), On the resting position of Anopheles. Brit. Med. Journ. vol. II. p. 1158. (20 Oct.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Scheer, A. and Berdenis van Berlekom, J. J. (1900), Malaria en Muskieten in Zeeland. (1 plate) Ned. Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, vol. II. No. 14, Reprint 16 pp. (recd. Oct.)Google Scholar
Stephens, J. W. W. and Christophers, S. R. (1900), Reports to the Malaria Committee, 1899–1900. (Royal Society) pp. 42–75. (London, Harrison and Sons, 6 July.)Google Scholar
Theobald, F. V. (1900), A new Anopheles (A. paludis) from Sierra Leone. Reports to the Malaria Committee, 1899–1900 (Royal Society), pp. 75–76. (London, Harrison and Sons, 6 July.)Google Scholar
Ziemann, H. (1900), Ueber die Beziehungen der Mosquitos zu den Malariaparasiten in Kamerun. Deutsche med. Wochenschr. Jahrg. XXVI. No. 25, p. 399. (21 June.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar