Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wg55d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-01T14:37:44.882Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS & CASE STUDIES: Keeping below the Tipping Point: A Literature Review of Climate Change with Attention to NEPA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 June 2010

Harold M. Draper
Harold M. Draper*
Affiliation:
Environmental Studies & Permitting, Burns & McDonnell, Kansas City, Missouri
*
Address correspondence to: Harold M. Draper, Environmental Studies & Permitting, Burns & McDonnell, 9400 Ward Parkway, Kansas City, MO 64114; (phone) 816-822-3219; (fax) 816-822-4299; (e-mail) hdraper@burnsmcd.com
Get access

Abstract

The courts are increasingly finding that National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documents need to address climate change impacts—both the impact of the project on climate change and the impacts of climate change on the project. In the scientific arena, the year 2007 was pivotal in climate change because the Fourth Assessment Report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was issued. The IPCC report concluded that warming of the climate system is unequivocal and that this warming is primarily caused by increases in greenhouse gas concentrations. To address the issue and its impacts on a given project, policy, or program for a NEPA review, the analyst is presented with the difficulty of summarizing a massive amount of literature from the earth, biological, and physical sciences. This article provides a summary of the recent literature, addressing the IPCC report, the evidence for climate change, effects in different regions, NEPA implications, and mitigation strategies. NEPA reviews in the area of infrastructure in coastal regions and in the area of water supply will need special attention in light of climate change. All of this will make for much decision making under uncertainty, but ultimately NEPA documents and environmental decisions are likely to benefit from consideration of climate change because more resilient projects are likely to be approved, even if climate change is not as intense as some estimates. This article emphasizes NEPA-relevant events and is not intended to provide details on the current regulatory framework under other laws.

Environmental Practice 12:144–157 (2010)

Type
Features
Information
Environmental Practice , Volume 12 , Issue 2 , June 2010 , pp. 144 - 157
Copyright
Copyright © National Association of Environmental Professionals 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allan, R.P., and Soden, B.J.. 2008. Atmospheric Warming and the Amplification of Precipitation Extremes. Science 321:1481–1484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, M.R., and Frame, D.J.. 2007. Call Off the Quest. Science 318:582–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alley, R.B. 2007. “C”ing Arctic Climate with Black Ice. Science 317:1333–1334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltimore, D. 2008. Science for the Globe. Science 319:697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, P., Costanza, R., Hawken, P., Orr, D., Ostrom, E., Umaña, A., and Young, O.. 2008. Creating an Earth Atmospheric Trust. Science 319:724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnett, T.P., Pierce, D.W., Hidalgo, H.G., Bonfils, C., Santer, B.D., Das, T., Bala, G., Wood, A.W., Nozawa, T., Mirin, A.A., Cayan, D.R., and Dettinger, M.D.. 2008. Human-Induced Changes in the Hydrology of the Western United States. Science 319:1080–1083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bass, R. 2010. NEPA and Climate Change, Part 2: Ten Steps to Taking a Hard Look. Environmental Practice (in this issue).Google Scholar
Bohannon, J. 2008. Weighing the Climate Risks of an Untapped Fossil Fuel. Science 319:1753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonan, G.B. 2008. Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests. Science 320:1444–1449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, M.E., and Funk, C.C.. 2008. Food Security under Climate Change. Science 319:580–581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buesseler, K.O., Doney, S.C., Karl, D.M., Boyd, P.W., Caldeira, K., Chai, F., Coale, K.H., de Baar, H.J.W., Falkowski, P.G., Johnson, K.S., Lampitt, R.S., Michaels, A.F., Naqvi, S.W.A., Smetacek, V., Takeda, S., and Watson, A.J.. 2008. Ocean Iron Fertilization: Moving Forward in a Sea of Uncertainty. Science 319:162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, A.E. 2007. Only by Requiring Lifestyle Change, Not Suggesting It. Environmental Forum 24(6):48.Google Scholar
Carpenter, K.E., Abrar, M., Aeby, G., Aronson, R.B., Banks, S., Bruckner, A., Chiriboga, A., Cortés, J., Delbeek, J.C., DeVantier, L., Edgar, G.J., Edwards, A.J., Fenner, D., Guzmán, H.M., Hoeksema, B.W., Hodgson, G., Johan, O., Licuanan, W.Y., Livingstone, S.R., Lovell, E.R., Moore, J.A., Obura, D.O., Ochavillo, D., Polidoro, B.A., Precht, W.F., Quibilan, M.C., Reboton, C., Richards, Z.T., Rogers, A.D., Sanciangco, J., Sheppard, A., Sheppard, C., Smith, J., Stuart, S., Turak, E., Veron, J.E.N., Wallace, C., Weil, E., and Wood, E.. 2008. One-Third of Reef-Building Corals Face Elevated Extinction Risk from Climate Change. Science 321:560–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Center For Biological Diversity v. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2007. US App. Lexis 26555 (9th Cir.), http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2007/11/14/0671891.pdf (accessed April 13, 2010).Google Scholar
Challen, C. 2007. Playing Climate Change Poker. Science 317:295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Challen, C. 2008. Climate Change Goals: Where to Begin? [Response]. Science 319:33.Google Scholar
Cheke, R.A. 2007. Thinking Long Term. Science 318:577–588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cockerill, K. 2007. Review of Useless Arithmetic: Why Environmental Scientists Can't Predict the Future, by O.H. Pilkey and L. Pilkey-Jarvis. Environmental Practice 9(3):218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, M A. 2007. Changing Citizens' Preferences, Prices, and Constraints. Environmental Forum 24(6):48–49.Google Scholar
Cox, P., and Stephenson, D.. 2007. A Changing Climate for Prediction. Science 317:207–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De'ath, G., Lough, J.M., and Fabricius, K.E.. 2009. Declining Coral Calcification on the Great Barrier Reef. Science 323:116–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, R.K., Brown, S., Houghton, R.A., Solomon, A.M., Trexler, M.C., and Wisniewski, J.. 1994. Carbon Pools and Flux of Global Forest Ecosystems. Science 263:185–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Environmental Protection Agency. 2009. Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act; Final Rule. Federal Register 74:66496–66546.Google Scholar
Fabry, V.J. 2008. Marine Calcifiers in a High-CO2 Ocean. Science 320:1020–1022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fargione, J., Hill, J., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., and Hawthorne, P.. 2008. Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt. Science 319:1235–1238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fine, M., and Tchernov, D.. 2007. Response to Ocean Acidification and Scleractinian Corals. Science 317:1032–1033.Google Scholar
Fisher, B. 2007. CO2 Emissions: Getting Bang for the Buck. Science 318:1865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freestone, D. 2010. After Copenhagen: Prospects for an International Climate Regime Post-2012. Paper presented at Next Generation Energy and the Law, the 2010 J.B. and Maurice C. Shapiro Environmental Law Conference, February 18–19, George Washington University Law School, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Grimm, N.B., Faeth, S.H., Golubiewski, N.E., Redman, C.L., Wu, J., Bai, X., and Briggs, J.M.. 2008. Global Change and the Ecology of Cities. Science 319:756–760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halpern, B.S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K.A., Kappel, C.V., Micheli, F., D'Agrosa, C., Bruno, J.F., Casey, K.S., Ebert, C., Fox, H.E., Fujita, R., Heinemann, D., Lenihan, H.S., Madin, E.M.P., Perry, M.T., Selig, E.R., Spalding, M., Steneck, R., and Watson, R.. 2008. A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems. Science 319:948–952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harper, S. 2007. Push Me, Pull Me, Make Me Carbon Neutral. Environmental Forum 24(6):49.Google Scholar
Harvey, H. 2007. Climate Change: One Goal at a Time. Science 317:1866.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hegerl, G.C., and Solomon, S.. 2009. Risks of Climate Engineering. Science 325:955–956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heiman, M.K., and Solomon, B.D.. 2007. Fueling U.S. Transportation: The Hydrogen Economy and Its Alternatives. Environment 49(8):10–25.Google Scholar
Herson, A. 2009. The New Mileage Standards EIS: A Model Approach to NEPA Climate Change Analysis? Paper presented at the 34th Annual Conference of National Association of Environmental Professionals, Scottsdale, Arizona, May 5, 2009.Google Scholar
Hoegh-Guidberg, O., Mumby, P.J., Hooten, A.J., Steneck, R.S., Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., Harvell, C.D., Sale, P.F., Edwards, A.J., Caldeira, K., Knowlton, N., Eakin, C.M., Iglesias-Prieto, R., Muthiga, N., Bradbury, R.H., Dubi, A., and Hatziolos, M.E.. 2007. Coral Reefs under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. Science 318:1737–1742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holdren, J.P. 2008. Science and Technology for Sustainable Well-being. Science 319:424–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holt, R. 2007. Trying to Get Us to Change Course. Review of An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do about It, by Al Gore. Science 317:198–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howarth, R.B., and Norgaard, R.B.. 2007. CO2 Emissions: Getting Bang for the Buck. Science 318:1865–1866.Google ScholarPubMed
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Team, Core Writing, Pachauri, R.K. and Reisinger, A., eds. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp. Available at http://www.ipcc.ch/ (accessed April 13, 2010).Google Scholar
Jones, C. 2007. Whiter Shades of Pale. Science 318:1716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karl, T.R., Melillo, J.M., and Peterson, T.L., eds. 2009. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 192 pp. Available at http://www.globalchange.gov/publications/reports/scientific-assessments/us-impacts/download-the-report (accessed April 13, 2010).Google Scholar
Keeling, R.F. 2008. Recording Earth's Vital Signs. Science 319:1771–1772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, D. 2007. Climate: Game Over. Science 317:425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, R.A. 1994a. Iron Fertilization: A Tonic, But No Cure for the Greenhouse. Science 263:1089–1090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, R.A. 1994b. Methane Increase Put on Pause. Science 263:751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, R.A. 2007a. Global Warming Coming Home to Roost in the American West. Science 318:1859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, R.A. 2007b. Hot Times, Tough Sledding. Science 317:183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, R.A. 2007c. How Urgent is Climate Change? Science 318:1230–1231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, R.A. 2007d. Humans and Nature Duel over the Next Decade's Climate. Science 317:746–747.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, R.A. 2007e. Is Battered Arctic Sea Ice Down for the Count? Science 318:33–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, R.A. 2007f. Record U.S. Warmth of 2006 Was Part Natural, Part Greenhouse. Science 317:182–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, R.A. 2008. Climate Tipping Points Come in from the Cold. Science 319:153.Google ScholarPubMed
Kerr, R.A., and Kintisch, E.. 2007. Nobel Prize Won by Scientists and One Crusader. Science 318:372–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kintisch, E. 2007a. 2007 Brings Near-Record Heat. Science 318:1707.Google Scholar
Kintisch, E. 2007b. Making Dirty Coal Plants Cleaner. Science 317:184–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kintisch, E. 2007c. Scientists Say Continued Warming Warrants Closer Look at Drastic Fixes. Science 318:1054–1055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kintisch, E. 2007d. Senate Bill Would Provide Billions for Deploying Cleaner Technologies. Science 318:1708–1709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kintisch, E. 2007e. Sequestration (in) Rocks. Science 318:375.Google Scholar
Kintisch, E. 2007f. Should Oceanographers Pump Iron? Science 318:1368–1370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kintisch, E. 2007g. Tinkering with the Climate to Get Hearing at Harvard Meeting. Science 318:551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kintisch, E. 2007h. Tougher Ozone Accord Also Addresses Global Warming. Science 317:1843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kintisch, E. 2008a. Coal Plant Burnt. Science 319:711.Google Scholar
Kintisch, E. 2008b. Ocean Carbon Scheme Sunk. Science 319:1027.Google Scholar
Kintisch, E. 2008c. Roads, Ports, Rails Aren't Ready for Changing Climate, Says Report. Science 319:1744–1745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kintisch, E. 2010. Senate Looms as Bigger Hurdle after Copenhagen. Science 327:19–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kintisch, E., and Kerr, R.A.. 2007. Global Warming, Hotter than Ever. Science 318:1846–1847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kintisch, E., and Stokstad, E.. 2008. Ocean CO2 Studies Look Beyond Coral. Science 319:1029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krupp, F. 2007. Climate Change: Don't Forfeit the Game. Science 317:1864, 1866.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lal, R., and Pimentel, D.. 2008. Soil Erosion: A Carbon Sink or Source? Science 319:1040, 1042.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laurance, W.F. 2007. Switch to Corn Promotes Amazon Deforestation. Science 318:1721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarus, R. 2007. A Breathtaking Result for Greens. Environmental Forum 24(3):12.Google Scholar
Lenoir, J., Gégout, J.C., Marquet, P.A., de Ruffray, P., and Brisse, H.. 2008. A Significant Upward Shift in Plant Species Optimum Elevation during the 20th Century. Science 320:1768–1771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, S. 2007. Running Hot and Cold: Are Rainforests Sinks or Taps for Carbon? BioScience 57:552–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindzen, R.S., Chou, M.-D., and Hou, A.Y.. 2000. Does the Earth Have an Adaptive Infrared Iris? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 82:417–432.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liverman, D. 2007. From Uncertain to Unequivocal. The IPCC Working Group I Report: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Environment 49(8):28–32.Google Scholar
Lobell, D.B., Burke, M.B., Tebaldi, C., Mastrandrea, M.D., Falcon, W.P., and Naylor, R.L.. 2008. Prioritizing Climate Change Adaptation Needs for Food Security in 2030. Science 319:607–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lutzenhiser, L. 2007. Conserve during a Crisis, but Otherwise Hard. Environmental Forum 24(6):50.Google Scholar
Malhi, Y., Roberts, J.T., Betts, R.A., Killeen, T.J., Li, W., and Nobre, C.A.. 2008. Climate Change, Deforestation, and the Fate of the Amazon. Science 319:169–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marland, G., Obersteiner, M., and Schlamadinger, B.. 2007. The Carbon Benefits of Fuels and Forests. Science 318:1066.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. 549 US 497, 127 Supreme Court 1438.Google Scholar
McConnell, J.R., Edwards, R., Kok, G.L., Flanner, M.G., Zender, C.S., Saltzman, E.S., Banta, J.R., Pasteris, D.R., Carter, M.M., and Kahl, J.D.W.. 2007. 20th-Century Industrial Black Carbon Emissions Altered Arctic Climate Forcing. Science 317:1381–1384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCormick, J. 2007. Climate Change and the Nuclear Option. Environmental Practice 9(1):6–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehan, G.T. III 2007. Climate Changes: Managing a Tectonic Shift in Law and Practice. Review of Global Climate Change and U.S. Law, by Michael B. Gerrard. Environmental Forum 24(6):6.Google Scholar
Meyer, A. 1993. Has the Climate Changed? Nucleus 15(4):7–9, 12.Google Scholar
Milly, P.C.D., Betancourt, J., Falkenmark, M., Hirsch, R.M., Kundzewicz, Z.W., Lettenmaier, D.P., and Stouffer, R.J.. 2008. Stationarity Is Dead: Whither Water Management? Science 319:573–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mote, P.W., and Kaser, G.. 2007. The Shrinking Glaciers of Kilimanjaro: Can Global Warming Be Blamed? American Scientist 95(4):318–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neelin, J.D., and Marotzke, J.. 1994. Representing Ocean Eddies in Climate Models. Science 264:1099–1100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nordhaus, W.D. 1994. Expert Opinion on Climate Change. American Scientist 82(1):45–51.Google Scholar
Nordhaus, W. 2007. Critical Assumptions in the Stern Review on Climate Change. Science 317:201–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oerlemans, J. 1994. Quantifying Global Warming from the Retreat of Glaciers. Science 264:243–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oppenheimer, M., O'Neill, B.C., Webster, M., and Agrawala, S.. 2007. Climate Change: The Limits of Consensus [Policy Forum]. Science 317:1505–1506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oppenheimer, M., O'Neill, B., Webster, M., and Agrawala, S.. 2008. A Closer Look at the IPCC Report. Science 319:409–410.Google Scholar
Oreskes, N., Shrader-Frechette, K., and Belitz, K.. 1994. Verification, Validation, and Confirmation of Numerical Models in the Earth Sciences. Science 263:641–646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, M.W. 2007. Biofuels and the Environment. Science 317:897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, E.L., Beger, M., and Richards, Z.T.. 2008. Thinking outside the Reef. Science 319:1759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pew Center on Global Climate Change. 2008. California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006: Update on AB 32—California Market Advisory Committee Releases Final Report. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Arlington, VA. http://www.pewclimate.org/what_s_being_done/in_the_states/ab32 (accessed December 31, 2008).Google Scholar
Pfeffer, W.T., Harper, J.T., and O'Neel, S.. 2008. Kinematic Constraints on Glacier Contributions to 21st-Century Sea-Level Rise. Science 321:1340–1343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, O.L., Aragão, L.E.O.C., Lewis, S.L., Fisher, J.B., Lloyd, J., López-González, G., Malhi, Y., Monteagudo, A., Peacock, J., Quesada, C.A., van der Heijden, G., Almeida, S., Amaral, I., Arroyo, L., Aymard, G., Baker, T.R., Bánki, O., Blanc, L., Bonal, D., Brando, P., Chave, J., Alves de Oliveira, Á.C., Dávila Cardozo, N., Czimczik, C.I., Feldpausch, T.R., Aparecida Freitas, M., Gloor, E., Higuchi, N., Jiménez, E., Lloyd, G., Meir, P., Mendoza, C., Morel, A., Neill, D.A., Nepstad, D., Patiño, S., Peñuela, M.C., Prieto, A., Ramírez, F., Schwarz, M., Silva, J., Silveira, M., Sota Thomas, A., ter Steege, H., Stropp, J., Vásquez, R., Zelazowski, P., Dávila, E. Alvarez, Andelman, S., Andrade, A., Chao, K.-J., Erwin, T., Di Fiore, A., Honorio, E., Keeling, C.H., Killeen, T.J., Laurance, W.F., Peña Cruz, A., Pitman, N.C.A., Núñez Vargas, P., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Rudas, A., Salamão, R., Silva, N., Terborgh, J., and Torres-Lezama, A.. 2009. Drought Sensitivity of the Amazon Rainforest. Science 323:1344–1347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pimentel, D., Herz, M., Glickstein, M., Zimmerman, M., Allen, R., Becker, K., Evans, J., Hussain, B., Sarsfeld, R., Grosfeld, A., and Seidel, T.. 2002. Renewable Energy: Current and Potential Issues. BioScience 52:1111–1120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pimentel, D., and Lal, R.. 2007. Biofuels and the Environment. Science 317:897.Google ScholarPubMed
Pinholster, G. 2007. Sir David King Urges Global Pact by 2009 to Reduce Greenhouse Gases. Science 317:1184.Google Scholar
Pollard, T. 2007. Public Policies, Individual Behavior. Environmental Forum 24(6):50–51.Google Scholar
Raes, F., and Swart, R.. 2007. Climate Assessment: What's Next? Science 318:1386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richter-Menge, J., Nghiem, S., Perovich, D., and Rigor, I.. 2007. Sea Ice Cover. Arctic Theme Page. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC. http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/seaice.html (accessed September 5, 2008).Google Scholar
Righelato, R., and Spracklen, D.V.. 2007a. Carbon Mitigation by Biofuels or by Saving and Restoring Forests? Science 317:902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Righelato, R., and Spracklen, D.V.. 2007b. The Carbon Benefits of Fuels and Forests [Response]. Science 318:1066–1068.Google Scholar
Risser, P. 1994. Changing Climates and Habitats. Review of Biotic Interactions and Global Change, by Peter M. Kareiva, Joel G. Kingsolver, and Raymond B. Huey. BioScience 44:190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, J.L. 2007. Effects of Land Development Projects on Climate Change. Environmental Practice 9(3):147–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robock, A. 2008. Whither Geoengineering? Science 320:1166–1167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roe, G.H., and Baker, M.B.. 2007. Why Is Climate Sensitivity Unpredictable? Science 318:629–632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roebke, J. 2008. Science at Large. Seed 14:52–53.Google Scholar
Roth, R., and Malakoff, S.. 2007. Climate Solutions: Building Climate and Clean Energy Leadership in the Northwest. Environmental Practice 9(3):154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruddell, S., Sampson, R., Smith, M., Giffen, R., Cathcart, J., Hagan, J., Sosland, D., Godbee, J., Heissenbuttel, J., Lovett, S., Helms, J., Price, W., and Simpson, R.. 2007. The Role for Sustainably Managed Forests in Climate Change Mitigation. Journal of Forestry 105(6):314–319.Google Scholar
Running, S.W. 2008. Ecosystem Disturbance, Carbon, and Climate. Science 321:652–653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scharlemann, J.P.W., and Laurance, W.F.. 2008. How Green Are Biofuels? Science 319:43–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, D. 2007. Coal Futures. American Scientist 95(4):314–315.Google Scholar
Schneider, S.H. 1994. Detecting Climatic Change Signals: Are There Any “Fingerprints”? Science 263:341–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scientific Expert Group on Climate Change (SEG). 2007. Confronting Climate Change: Avoiding the Unmanageable and Managing the Unavoidable, Bierbaum, R.M., Holdren, J.P., MacCracken, M.C., Moss, R.H. and Raven, P.H., eds. Report prepared for the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. Sigma Xi, Research Triangle Park, NC, and the United Nations Foundation, Washington, DC, 144 pp.http://www.sigmaxi.org/programs/unseg/Full_Report.pdf (accessed April 12, 2010).Google Scholar
Searchinger, T., Heimlich, R., Houghton, R.A., Dong, F., Elobeid, A., Fabiosa, J., Tokgoz, S., Hayes, D., and Yu, T.-H.. 2008. Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases through Emissions from Land-Use Change. Science 319:1238–1240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Service, R.F. 2008. Study Fingers Soot as a Major Player in Global Warming. Science 319:1745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sever, M. 2007a. Climate Change Will Cost Us. Geotimes 52(8):11–12.Google Scholar
Sever, M. 2007b. The Energy Debate: Climate vs. Energy Security. Geotimes 52(8):46.Google Scholar
Sherwood, S.C. 2008. Climate Change: A Titanic Challenge. Science 319:900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smetacek, V., and Cloern, J.E., 2008. On Phytoplankton Trends. Science 319:1346–1348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, M.D. 2008. NEPA and Climate Change. Environmental Practice 10:75–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D.M., Cusack, S., Colman, A.W., Folland, C.K., Harris, G.R., and Murphy, J.M.. 2007. Improved Surface Temperature Prediction for the Coming Decade from a Global Climate Model. Science 317:796–799.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solomon, S., and Manning, M.. 2008. The IPCC Must Maintain Its Rigor. Science 319:1457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanley, G.D. Jr. 2007. Ocean Acidification and Scleractinian Corals. Science 317:1032.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stavins, R.N. 2007. Free GHG Cuts: Too Good to Be True? Environmental Forum 24(3):16. Available at http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/rstavins/Forum/Column_18.pdf (accessed April 12, 2010).Google Scholar
Stern, N., and Taylor, C.. 2007. Climate Change: Risk, Ethics, and the Stern Review. Science 317:203–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, R. 2008. Have Desert Researchers Discovered a Hidden Loop in the Carbon Cycle? Science 320:1409–1410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stramma, L., Johnson, G.C., Sprintall, J., and Mohrholz, V.. 2008. Expanding Oxygen-Minimum Zones in the Tropical Oceans. Science 320:655–658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strand, A.E., Pritchard, S.G., McCormack, M.L., Davis, M.A., and Oren, R.. 2008. Fine-Root Life Spans and Soil Carbon Persistence. Science 319:456–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutley, N.H. 2010. Memorandum for Heads of Federal Departments and Agencies: Draft NEPA Guidance on Consideration of the Effects of Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Federal Register 75:8046. Available at http://ceq.hss.doe.gov/nepa/regs/Consideration_of_Effects_of_GHG_Draft_NEPA_Guidance_FINAL_02182010.pdf (accessed February 23, 2010).Google Scholar
Tilmes, S., Muller, R., and Salawich, R.. 2008. The Sensitivity of Polar Ozone Depletion to Proposed Geoengineering Schemes. Science 320:1201–1204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Oost, K., Quine, T.A., Govers, G., De Gryze, S., Six, J., Harden, J.W., Ritchie, J.C., McCarty, G.W., Heckrath, G., Kosmas, C., Giraldez, J.V., da Silva, J.R. Marques, and Merckx, R.. 2007. The Impact of Agricultural Soil Erosion on the Global Carbon Cycle. Science 318:626–629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Oost, K., Six, J., Govers, G., Quine, T., and Gryze, S.. 2008. Soil Erosion: A Carbon Sink or Source? [Response]. Science 319:1042.Google Scholar
Webster, P. 2007. Setting the Forest Alight. Science 317:1854–1855.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wentz, F.J., Ricciardulli, L., Hilburn, K., and Mears, C.. 2007. How Much More Rain Will Global Warming Bring? Science 317:233–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilent, S. 2008. Carbon Emissions Growing, Forest Sinks Losing Ground. Forestry Source 13(1):1, 4.Google Scholar
Zeng, N., Ding, Y., Pan, J., Wang, H., and Gregg, J.. 2008. Climate Change: The Chinese Challenge. Science 319:730–731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zoli, E., and Joroff, A.. 2007. Making Silver Linings. Environmental Forum 24(3):22–26.Google Scholar