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The Managerial Ideal and Business Magazines in the Great Depression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2018

TIAGO MATA
TIAGO MATA*
Affiliation:
Tiago Mata is a lecturer in the Department of Science and Technology Studies of University College London. This research was part of the project “Economics in the Public Sphere,” funded by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013; grant number 283754). The author is grateful to comments by Craufurd Goodwin, Malcolm Rutherford, Harro Maas, Mary Poovey, Karel Williams, Marion Fourcade, and Richard John. Department of Science and Technology Studies, 22 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0AW. E-mail: t.mata@ucl.ac.uk
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Abstract

The 1930s transformed American capitalism. This article interrogates the political economy of two business magazines created at the start of the Great Depression. I argue that Business Week’s and Fortune’s signature approaches to reporting articulated an ideal conception of the manager. The early century conception saw the manager as engineer of operational efficiency. The new ideal viewed the manager as a political economist coordinating firms with their external environment, notably an interventionist and scrutinizing state, volatile markets, and a critical public opinion.

Type
Article
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 19 , Issue 3 , September 2018 , pp. 578 - 609
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2018. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved. 

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References

Bibliography of Works Cited

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Luce, Henry Robinson, and Jessup, John Knox. The ideas of Henry Luce. New York: Atheneum, 1969.Google Scholar
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McKenna, Christopher D. The World’s Newest Profession: Management Consulting in the Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Miller, Karen S. The Voice of Business: Hill & Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations. Chapel Hill, NC: University of Carolina Press, 1999.Google Scholar
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Mooney, James D., and Reiley, Alan C. The Principles of Organization. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939 [1931].Google Scholar
Morgan, Mary S. The History of Econometric Ideas. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Noble, David F. America by Design: Science, technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism. New York: Knopf, 1977.Google Scholar
Ott, Julia C. When Wall Street Met Main Street. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persons, Warren. Forecasting Business Cycles. New York: J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1931.Google Scholar
Phillips-Fein, Kim. Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan. New York: Norton & Company, 2009.Google Scholar
Poor, Henry Varnum. History of the Railroads and Canals of the United States. New York: J. H. Schultz and Company, 1860.Google Scholar
Poor, Henry Varnum. Poor’s Manual of Railroads. New York: H. V. & H. W. Poor, 1868.Google Scholar
Rutherford, Malcolm. The Institutionalist Movement in American Economics, 1918–1947: Science and Social Control. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sass, Stephen A. The Pragmatic Imagination: A history of the Wharton School, 1881–1981. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skidelsky, Robert. John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman. New York: Penguin, 2004.Google Scholar
Robinson, Joan. The Economics of Imperfect Competition. London: Macmillan, 1933.Google Scholar
Stapleford, Thomas A. The Cost of Living in America: A Political History of Economic Statistics, 1880–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Steeples, Douglas W. Advocate for American Enterprise: William Buck Dana and the Commercial and Financial Chronicle, 1865–1910. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Steffens, Lincoln. The Shame of the Cities. New York City: Amereon, 1904.Google Scholar
Swift, Louis Franklin, and Vlissingen, Arthur Van. The Yankee of the Yards: The Biography of Gustavus Franklin Swift. Chicago: A. W. Shaw Company, 1927.Google Scholar
Updegraff, Robert Rawls. Captains in Conflict: The Story of the Struggle of a Business Generation. Chicago: A. W. Shaw Company, 1927.Google Scholar
Vanderlan, Robert. Intellectuals Incorporated: Politics, Art, and Ideas Inside Henry Luce’s Media Empire. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yarrow, Andrew L. Measuring America: How Economic Growth came to Define American Greatness in the Late Twentieth Century. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Yates, JoAnne. Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Beckert, Sven. “History of American Capitalism.” In American History Now, edited by Foner, Eric and McGirr, Lisa, 314–335. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Brinkley, Alan. “Prosperity, Depression and War, 1920–1945.” In The New American History, edited by Foner, Eric, 133–158. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Bruce, Kyle. “Henry S. Dennison, Elton Mayo, and Human Relations Historiography.” Management & Organizational History 1, no. 2 (2006): 177–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fourcade, Marion, and Khurana, Rakesh. “From Social Control to Financial Economics: The Linked Ecologies of Economics and Business in Twentieth Century America.” Theory and Society 42, no. 2 (2013): 121–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooks, G. “The United States of America: The Second World War and the Retreat from New Deal Era Corporatism.” In Organizing Business for War, edited by Grant, Wyn, Nekkers, Jan, and Waarden, Franz van, 75–105. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1991.Google Scholar
Jones, Franklin D. “Business Statistics as a Means of Stabilizing Business.” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York 11 (1926): 46–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi R., Raff, Daniel M. G., and Temin, Peter. “Against Whig History.” Enterprise & Society 5, no. 3 (2004): 376–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi R., Raff, Daniel M. G., and Temin, Peter. “Beyond Markets and Hierarchies: Toward a New Synthesis of American Business History.” American Historical Review 108, no. 2 (2003): 404–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lane, Mortimer B. “The Statistical Work of the Federal Government in Relation to Price Stabilization.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 139 (1928): 64–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCusker, John J. “The Demise of Distance: The Business Press and the Origins of the Information Revolution in the Early Modern Atlantic World.” American Historical Review 110, no. 2 (2005): 295–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGraw, James H. “Ideal of Industrial Journalism.” Electrical World 50 (1924): 559–560.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy. “Economists and the Economy in the Twentieth Century.” In The Politics of Method in the Human Sciences: Positivism and Its Epistemological Others, edited by Steinmetz, George, 126–141. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutherford, Malcolm. “Field, Undercover, and Participant Observers in US Labor Economics: 1900–1930.” History of Political Economy 44, no. 5 (2013): 185–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slobodian, Quinn. “How to See the World Economy: Statistics, Maps, and Schumpeter’s Camera in the First Age of Globalization.” Journal of Global History 10, no. 2 (2015): 307–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Roland B. “The Genesis of the Business Press in the United States.” Journal of Marketing 19, no. 2 (October 1954): 146–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sterling, Christopher H. “Business Magazines.” In Encyclopedia of Journalism: A– C., Vol. 1, 229–234. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Wyatt, Ian D., and Hecker, Daniel E.. “Occupational Changes during the 20th Century.” Monthly Labor Review (March 2006): 35–57.Google Scholar
Association of National Advertisers. Magazine Circulation and Rate Trends, 1937–1952. New York, c.1953.Google Scholar
Audit Bureau of Circulations. A.B.C. Blue Book, Publisher’s Statements: Magazines. Chicago: The Bureau, 1934.Google Scholar
Pietruska, Jamie L. “Propheteering: A Cultural History of Prediction in the Gilded Age.” Ph.D. diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009.Google Scholar
Reilly, Kevin S. “Corporate Stories: Fortune Magazine and Modern Managerial Culture.” Ph.D. diss., University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2004.Google Scholar
Tedlow, Richard S. “Keeping the Corporate Image: Public Relations and Business, 1900–1950.” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1976.Google Scholar
U.S. Chamber of Commerce. “Use of Trade Association Statistics in Manufacturing.” Washington, D.C.: US. Chamber of Commerce, 1939.Google Scholar
U.SChamber of Commerce. “Use of Trade Association Statistics in Retailing.” Washington, D.C.: US. Chamber of Commerce, 1939.Google Scholar
Archibald MacLeish Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Columbia Oral History Project, Columbia University, New York.Google Scholar
Russell Wheller Davenport Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Ralph Ingersoll Papers, Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA.Google Scholar
AnnalistGoogle Scholar
Barron’sGoogle Scholar
Business WeekGoogle Scholar
Commercial and Financial ChronicleGoogle Scholar
Factory and Industrial ManagementGoogle Scholar
ForbesGoogle Scholar
FortuneGoogle Scholar
Magazine of Business (previously System)Google Scholar
Nation’s BusinessGoogle Scholar
SteelGoogle Scholar
Augspurger, Michael. An Economy of Abundant Beauty: Fortune Magazine and Depression America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Babson, Roger Ward. Actions and Reactions: An Autobiography of Roger W. Babson. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1935.Google Scholar
Berle, Adolf Augustus, and Means, Gardiner Coit. The Modern Corporation and Private Property. New York: Macmillan, 1934.Google Scholar
Bird, William L. “Better Living”: Advertising, Media and the New Vocabulary of Business Leadership, 1935–1955. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Brinkley, Alan. The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010.Google Scholar
Browder, Laura. Rousing the Nation: Radical Culture in Depression America. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Burk, Robert Fredrick. The Corporate State and the Broker State: The Du Ponts and American National Politics, 1925–1940. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Burlingame, Roger. Endless Frontiers: The Story of McGraw-Hill. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.Google Scholar
Carver, Thomas Nixon, and Lester, Hugh Wetzel. This Economic World: And How It May Be Improved. Chicago: A. W. Shaw and Company, 1928.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, Edward Hastings. The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: A Re-Orientation of the Theory of Value. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred Dupont. Henry Varnum Poor, Business Editor, Analyst, and Reformer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandler, Alfred Dupont. Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred Dupont. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Cochran, Thomas Childs. Business in American Life: A History. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972.Google Scholar
Colander, David, and Landreth, Harry H., eds. The Coming of Keynesianism to America: Conversations with the Founders of Keynesian Economics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1997.Google Scholar
Collins, Robert M. The Business Response to Keynes, 1929–1964. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Copeland, Melvin T. And Mark an Era. Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1958.Google Scholar
Cruikshank, Jeffrey L. A Delicate Experiment: The Harvard Business School, 1908–1945. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Denning, Michael. The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century. London: Verso, 1998.Google Scholar
Didier, Emmanuel. En Quoi Consiste l’Amérique? Les Statistiques, Le New Deal et La Démocratie. Paris: Decouverte, 2009.Google Scholar
Donovan, Hedley. Right Places, Right Times: A Memoir. New York: Holt, 1989.Google Scholar
Elfenbein, Julien. Business Journalism: Its Function and Future. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1947.Google Scholar
Elson, Robert T., Prendergast, Curtis, and Colvin, Geoffrey. Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise: 1923–1941. New York: Atheneum, 1968.Google Scholar
Field, Alexander J. A Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Fligstein, Neil. The Transformation of Corporate Control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Forsyth, David P. The Business Press in America. Philadelphia: Chilton Books, 1964.Google Scholar
Foth, Joseph Henry. Trade Associations: Their Services to Industry. New York: Ronald Press, 1930.Google Scholar
Friedman, Walter. Fortune Tellers: The Story of America’s First Economic Forecasters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galambos, Louis. Competition & Cooperation: The Emergence of a National Trade Association. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Galambos, Louis, and Pratt, Joseph A.. The Rise of the Corporate Commonwealth: U.S. Business and Public Policy in the Twentieth Century. New York: Basic Books, 1988.Google Scholar
Galambos, Louis P., and Spence, Barbara Barrow. The Public Image of Big Business in America: 1880–1940: A Quantitative Study in Social Change. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Vicki. Margaret Bourke-White. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.Google Scholar
Gordon, Colin. New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920–1935. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Gulick, Luther H., and Urwick, Lindall F., eds. Papers in the Science of Administration. New York: Institute of Public Administration, Columbia University, 1937.Google Scholar
Hawley, Ellis Wayne. The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly: A Study in Economic Ambivalence. New York: Fordham University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Heller, Steven, and Fili, Louise. Cover Story: The Art of American Magazine Covers 1900–1950. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1996.Google Scholar
Hodgins, Eric. Trolley to the Moon: An Autobiography. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973.Google Scholar
Hoopes, Roy. Ralph Ingersoll: A Biography. New York: Atheneum, 1985.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Bruce E. The Origins and Evolution of the Field of Industrial Relations in the United States. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Khurana, Rakesh. From Higher Aims to Hired Hands: The Social Transformation of American Business Schools and the Unfulfilled Promise of Management as a Profession. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, Frank H. Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Boston, MA: Hart, Schaffner and Marx; Houghton Mifflin, 1921.Google Scholar
Lane, Mortimer B. How to Use Current Business Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1928.Google Scholar
Levy, Jonathan. Freaks of Fortune: The Emerging World of Capitalism and Risk in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Luce, Henry Robinson, and Jessup, John Knox. The ideas of Henry Luce. New York: Atheneum, 1969.Google Scholar
Marchand, Roland. Creating the Corporate Soul: The Rise of Public Relations and Corporate Imagery in American Big Business. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.Google Scholar
McKenna, Christopher D. The World’s Newest Profession: Management Consulting in the Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Miller, Karen S. The Voice of Business: Hill & Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations. Chapel Hill, NC: University of Carolina Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Mirowski, Philip, ed. Natural Images in Economic Thought: “Markets Read in Tooth and Claw.” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Wesley Clair. Business Cycles. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1913.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Wesley Clair, and Burns, Arthur. Measuring Business Cycles. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1946.Google Scholar
Mooney, James D., and Reiley, Alan C. The Principles of Organization. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939 [1931].Google Scholar
Morgan, Mary S. The History of Econometric Ideas. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Noble, David F. America by Design: Science, technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism. New York: Knopf, 1977.Google Scholar
Ott, Julia C. When Wall Street Met Main Street. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persons, Warren. Forecasting Business Cycles. New York: J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1931.Google Scholar
Phillips-Fein, Kim. Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan. New York: Norton & Company, 2009.Google Scholar
Poor, Henry Varnum. History of the Railroads and Canals of the United States. New York: J. H. Schultz and Company, 1860.Google Scholar
Poor, Henry Varnum. Poor’s Manual of Railroads. New York: H. V. & H. W. Poor, 1868.Google Scholar
Rutherford, Malcolm. The Institutionalist Movement in American Economics, 1918–1947: Science and Social Control. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sass, Stephen A. The Pragmatic Imagination: A history of the Wharton School, 1881–1981. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skidelsky, Robert. John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman. New York: Penguin, 2004.Google Scholar
Robinson, Joan. The Economics of Imperfect Competition. London: Macmillan, 1933.Google Scholar
Stapleford, Thomas A. The Cost of Living in America: A Political History of Economic Statistics, 1880–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Steeples, Douglas W. Advocate for American Enterprise: William Buck Dana and the Commercial and Financial Chronicle, 1865–1910. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Steffens, Lincoln. The Shame of the Cities. New York City: Amereon, 1904.Google Scholar
Swift, Louis Franklin, and Vlissingen, Arthur Van. The Yankee of the Yards: The Biography of Gustavus Franklin Swift. Chicago: A. W. Shaw Company, 1927.Google Scholar
Updegraff, Robert Rawls. Captains in Conflict: The Story of the Struggle of a Business Generation. Chicago: A. W. Shaw Company, 1927.Google Scholar
Vanderlan, Robert. Intellectuals Incorporated: Politics, Art, and Ideas Inside Henry Luce’s Media Empire. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yarrow, Andrew L. Measuring America: How Economic Growth came to Define American Greatness in the Late Twentieth Century. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Yates, JoAnne. Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Beckert, Sven. “History of American Capitalism.” In American History Now, edited by Foner, Eric and McGirr, Lisa, 314–335. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Brinkley, Alan. “Prosperity, Depression and War, 1920–1945.” In The New American History, edited by Foner, Eric, 133–158. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Bruce, Kyle. “Henry S. Dennison, Elton Mayo, and Human Relations Historiography.” Management & Organizational History 1, no. 2 (2006): 177–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fourcade, Marion, and Khurana, Rakesh. “From Social Control to Financial Economics: The Linked Ecologies of Economics and Business in Twentieth Century America.” Theory and Society 42, no. 2 (2013): 121–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooks, G. “The United States of America: The Second World War and the Retreat from New Deal Era Corporatism.” In Organizing Business for War, edited by Grant, Wyn, Nekkers, Jan, and Waarden, Franz van, 75–105. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1991.Google Scholar
Jones, Franklin D. “Business Statistics as a Means of Stabilizing Business.” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York 11 (1926): 46–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi R., Raff, Daniel M. G., and Temin, Peter. “Against Whig History.” Enterprise & Society 5, no. 3 (2004): 376–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi R., Raff, Daniel M. G., and Temin, Peter. “Beyond Markets and Hierarchies: Toward a New Synthesis of American Business History.” American Historical Review 108, no. 2 (2003): 404–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lane, Mortimer B. “The Statistical Work of the Federal Government in Relation to Price Stabilization.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 139 (1928): 64–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCusker, John J. “The Demise of Distance: The Business Press and the Origins of the Information Revolution in the Early Modern Atlantic World.” American Historical Review 110, no. 2 (2005): 295–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGraw, James H. “Ideal of Industrial Journalism.” Electrical World 50 (1924): 559–560.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy. “Economists and the Economy in the Twentieth Century.” In The Politics of Method in the Human Sciences: Positivism and Its Epistemological Others, edited by Steinmetz, George, 126–141. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutherford, Malcolm. “Field, Undercover, and Participant Observers in US Labor Economics: 1900–1930.” History of Political Economy 44, no. 5 (2013): 185–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slobodian, Quinn. “How to See the World Economy: Statistics, Maps, and Schumpeter’s Camera in the First Age of Globalization.” Journal of Global History 10, no. 2 (2015): 307–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Roland B. “The Genesis of the Business Press in the United States.” Journal of Marketing 19, no. 2 (October 1954): 146–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sterling, Christopher H. “Business Magazines.” In Encyclopedia of Journalism: A– C., Vol. 1, 229–234. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Wyatt, Ian D., and Hecker, Daniel E.. “Occupational Changes during the 20th Century.” Monthly Labor Review (March 2006): 35–57.Google Scholar
Association of National Advertisers. Magazine Circulation and Rate Trends, 1937–1952. New York, c.1953.Google Scholar
Audit Bureau of Circulations. A.B.C. Blue Book, Publisher’s Statements: Magazines. Chicago: The Bureau, 1934.Google Scholar
Pietruska, Jamie L. “Propheteering: A Cultural History of Prediction in the Gilded Age.” Ph.D. diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009.Google Scholar
Reilly, Kevin S. “Corporate Stories: Fortune Magazine and Modern Managerial Culture.” Ph.D. diss., University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2004.Google Scholar
Tedlow, Richard S. “Keeping the Corporate Image: Public Relations and Business, 1900–1950.” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1976.Google Scholar
U.S. Chamber of Commerce. “Use of Trade Association Statistics in Manufacturing.” Washington, D.C.: US. Chamber of Commerce, 1939.Google Scholar
U.SChamber of Commerce. “Use of Trade Association Statistics in Retailing.” Washington, D.C.: US. Chamber of Commerce, 1939.Google Scholar
Archibald MacLeish Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Columbia Oral History Project, Columbia University, New York.Google Scholar
Russell Wheller Davenport Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Ralph Ingersoll Papers, Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA.Google Scholar
AnnalistGoogle Scholar
Barron’sGoogle Scholar
Business WeekGoogle Scholar
Commercial and Financial ChronicleGoogle Scholar
Factory and Industrial ManagementGoogle Scholar
ForbesGoogle Scholar
FortuneGoogle Scholar
Magazine of Business (previously System)Google Scholar
Nation’s BusinessGoogle Scholar
SteelGoogle Scholar