Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-dfsvx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T16:23:38.343Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

‘I am very emo

Innovative use of emo in everyday communication among Chinese youngsters

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 April 2023

Ying Qi Wu*
Affiliation:
School of Foreign Languages, Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, Chengde, China
Qi Sun
Affiliation:
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
*
Corresponding author: Ying Qi Wu, email: yingqiwu@outlook.com

Extract

The contemporary expansion of English is becoming remarkably rapid and exceptionally global (Ostler, 2011). In present-day China, English has gained unprecedented popularity, fueled by the nation's current political and social development (Bolton & Graddol, 2012). There is a notable trend of bilingual education using English as a medium of instruction in Chinese schools (Wei, 2013). Therefore, an increasing number of Chinese are enthusiastic about learning and using English in communication. With the active participation of youths, ‘Internet English’ has been used widely in social networking spaces. The practice of ‘English mixing’ in various Chinese homegrown social networking sites has become the most remarkable intranational use of English in today's mainland China (Zhang, 2012). Interestingly, youngsters1 often create novel meanings when using languages on the Internet as ‘teenagers are well-known for introducing innovations into language, and indeed are generally regarded as prime agents of language change’ (Palacios Martínez, 2018: 363). Many linguistic studies have dealt with the mechanisms of the evolution of word meanings in past decades (Kachru, 1983; Qin & Guo, 2020; Tan, 2009; Yang, 2005). Much evidence indicates that meanings and usages of words are variable and composite, and may turn out differently depending on how words are used in contexts.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albrecht, S. 2021. ‘Current research on the linguistic features of Chinese English.’ World Englishes. https://doi:10.1111/weng.12572Google Scholar
Baym, N. K. 2010. Personal Connection in the Digital Age. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Bolton, K. & Graddol, D. 2012. ‘English in China today: The current popularity of English in China is unprecedented, and has been fuelled by the recent political and social development of Chinese society.’ English Today, 28(3), 39. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266078412000223CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boxer, D. & Cortés–Conde, F. 1997. ‘From bonding to biting: Conversational joking and identity display.’ Journal of Pragmatics, 27(3), 275294. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-2166(96)00031-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinton, L. J. & Traugott, E. C. 2005. Lexicalization and Language Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckingham, H. W. 1981. Where do eologisms come from? In Brown, W. (ed.), Jargon-aphasia. New York: Academic Press, pp. 3962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casado Valverde, M. 2015. La Innovación Léxica en el Español Actual (Lingüística, Serie mayor 3). Madrid: Síntesis.Google Scholar
Chen, L. N. H. 2015. ‘Choices and patterns of English names among Taiwanese students.’ Names, 63(4), 200209. https://doi.org/10.1080/00277738.2015.1118986CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chernoff, N. & Widdicombe, S. 2015. ‘I was bored so . . . ’: Motivational accounts of participation in an online emo group.’ Journal of Youth Studies, 18(3), 305321. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2014.944115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crystal, D. 1996. ‘Language play and linguistic intervention.’ Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 12(3), 328344. https://doi.org/10.1177/026565909601200307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crystal, D. 2001. Language and the Internet (1st edn.) Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crystal, D. 2006. Language and the Internet (2nd edn.) Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fandrych, I. 2008. ‘Submorphemic elements in the formation of acronyms, blends and clippings.’ Lexis. Journal in English Lexicology, 2, 103121. https://doi.org/10.4000/lexis.713Google Scholar
Fang, F. 2008. ‘People mountain, people sea: A study of four Chinese English idioms on the Web.’ English Today, 24, 4650. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078408000394CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fang, F. & Liu, Y. 2020. ‘“Using all English is not always meaningful”: Stakeholders’ perspectives on the use of and attitudes towards translanguaging at a Chinese university.’ Lingua, 247, 102959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2020.102959.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floyd, K. 2015. ‘Affection exchange theory.’ In Berger, C. R., & Roloff, M. E. (eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 2431. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic115Google Scholar
Geeraerts, D. 2010. Theories of Lexical Semantics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1983. The Indianization of English: The English Language in India. Delhi, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kerremans, D., Stegmayr, S. & Schmid, H. 2011. ‘The NeoCrawler: Identifying and retrieving neologisms from the internet and monitoring ongoing change.’ In Allan, K. & Robinson, J. (eds.), Current Methods in Historical Semantics. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 5996. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110252903.59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, M. S. 2015. ‘The complexity and variability of self-deprecation in Korean conversation.’ Pragmatics and Society, 6(3), 398420. doi:10.1075/ps.6.3.04kimCrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaGorce, T. 2005. ‘Finding Emo.’ The New York Times, August 14. Online at <http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/14/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/14njCOVER.html?r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print> (Accessed July 31, 2022).+(Accessed+July+31,+2022).>Google Scholar
Lee, S. & Shanmuganathan, T. 2020. ‘Reconceptualizing Aunty as an address term in urban multilingual Malaysia.’ World Englishes, 39, 198213. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12433CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, X. 2018. ‘Linguistic and cultural analysis of network buzzwords in 2017.’ Proceedings of 2017 5th International Education, Economics, Social Science, Arts, Sports and Management Engineering Conference (IEESASM 2017). Atlantis Press, pp. 242–245.Google Scholar
Lu, W. & Wei, K. 2018. ‘Research on Chinese Internet buzzwords translation.’ Proceedings of 2018 International Conference on Arts, Linguistics, Literature and Humanities (ICALLH 2018). UK: Francis Academic Press, pp. 346348.Google Scholar
Martseva, T. A., Snisar, A. Y., Kobenko, Y. V. & Girfanova, K. A. 2017. ‘Neologisms in American electronic mass media.’ In Filchenko, A.. & Anikina, Z. (eds.), Linguistic and Cultural Studies: Traditions and Innovations. LKTI 2017. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing (vol. 677). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67843-6_32Google Scholar
Matwick, K. & Matwick, K. 2017. ‘Self-deprecatory humor on TV cooking shows.’ Language & Communication, 56, 3341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2017.04.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, D. G. 2014. English Lexicogenesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munday, J. 2015. ‘E-mail, emilio o mensaje de correo electrónico? The Spanish language fight for purity in the new technologies.’ In Anderman, G. & Rogers, M. (eds.), In and Out of English: For Better, for Worse? Clevendon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 5770.Google Scholar
Oladipupo, R. & Unuabonah, F. 2020. ‘Extended discourse-pragmatic usage of now in Nigerian English.’ World Englishes, 40(3), 371389. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12492CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostler, N. 2011. The Last Lingua Franca: The Rise and Fall of World Languages. Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Palacios Martínez, I. M. 2018. ‘Lexical innovation in the language of teenagers: A cross-linguistic Perspective.’ In Ziegler, A. (ed.), Jugendsprachen/Youth languages: Aktuelle Perspektiven Internationaler Forschung/Current Perspectives of International Research. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 363390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavlova, A. V. & Guralnik, T. A. 2020. ‘Language play and lexical innovation of the 21st century English.’ In Pavlova, A. (Ed.), Philological Readings, vol. 83. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences. European Publisher pp. 168179. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.04.02.19Google Scholar
Pop, L. 2008. ‘Ce qui reste des relations de discours en cyberl@ngue.’ Recherches ACLIF: Actes du Séminaire de Didactique Universitaire, 5, 130144.Google Scholar
Qin, M. & Guo, H. 2020. ‘Word formation of Chinese English words: Evidence from the Chinese English dictionary.’ World Englishes, 41(2), 151168. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12518CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddy, K. J., Menon, K. R. & Thattil, A. 2018. ‘Academic stress and its sources among university students.’ Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 11(1), 531537. https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1404CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyes, R. M. & Jubilado, R. C. 2012. ‘Morphological study of verb anglicisms in Spanish computer language.’ Polyglossia, 23, 4347.Google Scholar
Robertson, D. 2000. ‘Variability in the use of the English article system by Chinese learners of English.’ Second Language Research, 16(2), 135172. https://doi.org/10.1191/026765800672262975CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez Arrizabalaga, B. 2021. ‘Social networks: A source of lexical innovation and creativity in contemporary peninsular Spanish.’ Languages, 6(3), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages6030138CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryalls, E. 2013. ‘Emo angst, masochism, and masculinity in crisis.’ Text and Performance Quarterly, 33(2), 8397. https://doi.org/10.1080/10462937.2013.764570CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, L. & Chur–Hansen, A. 2008. ‘The mental health literacy of rural adolescents: Emo subculture and SMS texting.’ Australasian Psychiatry, 16(5), 359362. https://doi.org/10.1080/10398560802027328CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shi, G. 2021. ‘本来今天好好的,突然就 emo 了 [ben lai jin tian hao hao de, tu ran emo le].’ 第一财经 [YiMagazine]. Online at <https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/krvQH_bd6AUyU5ZzbySdmg> (Accessed July 31, 2022).+(Accessed+July+31,+2022).>Google Scholar
Sternudd, H. T. 2012. ‘Photographs of self-injury: Production and reception in a group of self-injurers.’ Journal of Youth Studies, 15(4), 421436. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.663894CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Su, H. Y. 2003. ‘The multilingual and multi-orthographic Taiwan-based Internet: Creative uses of writing systems on college-affiliated BBSs.’ Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 9(1), JCMC912. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2003.tb00357.xGoogle Scholar
Tan, S. I. 2009. ‘Lexical borrowing from Chinese languages in Malaysian English.’ World Englishes, 28, 451484. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.2009.01607.xGoogle Scholar
Unuabonah, F. 2022. ‘‘Mehn! This wins the award’: The discourse-pragmatic functions of mehn in Nigerian English.’ English Today, 38(3), 143151. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078421000122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vettorel, P. 2014. English as a Lingua Franca in Wider Networking: Blogging Practices. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Z. Z. 2021. ‘我不会是最后一个知道 emo 的人吧?[wo bu hui shi zui hou yi ge zhi dao emo de ren ba?].’ 新周刊 [Xin Zhou Kan]. Online at https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ZNF_UkGzBHlJKEQgQ4ExvA (Accessed July 31, 2022).Google Scholar
Wei, R. 2013. ‘Chinese-English bilingual education in China: Model, momentum, and driving forces.’ The Asian EFL Journal, 15(4), 183199.Google Scholar
Würschinger, Q. 2021. ‘Social networks of lexical innovation. Investigating the social dynamics of diffusion of neologisms on Twitter.’ Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 106. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2021.648583Google Scholar
Yang, J. 2005. ‘Lexical innovations in China English.’ World Englishes, 24(4), 425436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0883-2919.2005.00424.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Youdao Chinese-English Dictionary. 2022. Online at <https://www.youdao.com/> (Accessed July 31, 2022).+(Accessed+July+31,+2022).>Google Scholar
Young, R., Sweeting, H. & West, P. 2006. ‘Prevalence of deliberate self harm and attempted suicide within contemporary Goth youth subculture: Longitudinal cohort study.’ BMJ, 332(7549), 10581061. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38790.495544.7cCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeng Skovhøj, F. H. 2021. ‘Managing everyday communication with strong, weak, and latent ties via WeChat: Availability, visibility, and reciprocal engagement.’ Mobile Media & Communication, 9(3), 513530. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157920982322CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, M. 2021. ‘Linguistic variation from cognitive variability: The case of English “have”.’ Unpublished doctoral dissertation. New Haven: Yale University. https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ling_graduate/6Google Scholar
Zhang, W. 2012. ‘Chinese-English code-mixing among China's netizens: Chinese-English mixed-code communication is gaining popularity on the Internet.’ English Today, 28(3), 4052. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266078412000260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, W. 2015. ‘Multilingual creativity on China's Internet.’ World Englishes, 34, 231246. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12135CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y. 2021. ‘English as a linguistic resource: Localizing English in micro-blogging by users of Chinese.’ English Today, 37(1), 3441. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266078419000324CrossRefGoogle Scholar