No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Current Understanding and Future Direction of the Trans-Theoretical Model: The Role of Adolescent Cognitive Egocentrism
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 October 2015
Abstract
Despite being the cornerstone of behaviour change interventions, a review of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) highlights that younger populations have been excluded in the development of this model. It is not surprising then that interventions underpinned by the TTM have not been shown to be effective when applied to younger populations. Cognitive development was proposed to account for this age discrepancy. One such construct, adolescent egocentrism comprising of the imaginary audience and the personal fable was explored in relation to both unhealthy behaviour participation and behavioural change. It appeared plausible that the cognitive distortions associated with this construct could affect individuals’ utilisation of those cognitive processes of change proposed by the TTM as being necessary for successful behaviour change. This may provide a fertile avenue for future behaviour change research, extending the interventional scope of the TTM.
Keywords
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Australian Psychological Society 2007
References
Aalsma, M.C., Lapsley, D.K., & Flannery, D.J. (2006). Personal fables, narcissism, and adolescent adjustment. Psychology in the Schools, 43, 481–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allsop, S. (1996). Giving up addictive behaviour. In Wilkinson, C. & Saunders, B. (Eds.), Perspectives on addiction: Making sense of the issues (pp. 132–141). Perth, Australia: William Montgomery.Google Scholar
Aveyard, P., Cheng, K.K., Almond, J., Sherratt, E., Lancashire, R., Lawrence, T., et al. (1999). Cluster randomised controlled trial of expert system based on the transtheoretical (“stages of change”) model for smoking prevention and cessation in schools. British Medical Journal, 319, 948–953.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A.T. (1991). Cognitive therapy: A 20-year retrospective. American Psychologist, 46, 368–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, J.H., & Bromnick, R.d. (2003). The social reality of the imaginary audience: A grounded theory approach. Adolescence, 38, 205–219.Google ScholarPubMed
Borland, R., Balmford, J., & Hunt, D. (2004). The effectiveness of personally tailored computer-generated advice letters for smoking cessation. Addiction, 99, 369–377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borland, R., Segan, C., & Velicer, W.F. (2000). Testing the transtheoretical model for smoking change: Victorian data. Australian Journal of Psychology, 52, 83–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandon, T.R., Collins, B.N., Juliano, L.M., & Lazev, A.B. (2000). Preventing relapse among former smokers: A comparison of minimal interventions through telephone and mail. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 103–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bright, S.J., McKillop, D., & Ryder, D. (in press). Personal fable ideation and cigarette smoking: Integrating adolescent cognitive egocentrism with the trans-theoretical model. Australian Journal of Psychology.Google Scholar
Buis, J.M., & Thompson, D.N. (1989). Imaginary audience and personal fable: A brief review. Adolescence, 96, 773–781.Google Scholar
Bunton, R., Baldwin, S., Flynn, D., & Whitelaw, S. (2000). The ‘stages of change’ model in health promotion: Science and ideology. Critical Public Health, 10, 55–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, L.E., Taenzer, P., Koopmans, J., & Casebeer, A. (2003). Predictive value of aspects of the transtheoretical model on smoking cessation in a community-based, large-group cognitive behavioral program. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 725–740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, S., Wong, W.L., & Smith, W. (1993). Self-exempting beliefs about smoking and health: Differences between smokers and ex-smokers. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 215–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coleman-Wallace, D., Lee, J.W., Montgomery, S., Blix, G., & Wang, D.T. (1999). Evaluation of developmentally appropriate programs for adolescent tobacco cessation. The Journal of School Health, 69, 314–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N.R., & Grotpeter, J.K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710–722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiClemente, C.C. (1991). Motivational interviewing and the stages of change. In Miller, W. & Rollnick, S. (Eds.), Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (pp. 191–202). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
DiClemente, C.C., Prochaska, J.O., Fairhurst, S.K., Velicer, W.F., Velasquez, M.M., & Rossi, J.S. (1991). The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 295–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijkstra, A., De Vries, H., & Bakker, M. (1996). Pros and cons of quitting, self-efficacy, and the stages of change in smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 758–763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijkstra, A., De Vries, H., & Roijackers, J. (1998a). Computerized tailored feedback to change cognitive determinants of smoking: A Dutch field experiment. Health Education Research, 13, 197–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijkstra, A., De Vries, H., & Roijackers, J. (1998b). Long-term effectiveness of computer-generated tailored feedback in smoking cessation. Health Education Research, 13, 207–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijkstra, A., De Vries, H., Roijackers, J., & van Breukelen, G. (1998). Tailored interventions to communicate stage-matched information to smokers in different motivational stages. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 549–557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijkstra, A., Tromp, D., & Conijn, B. (2003). Stage-specific psychological determinants of stage transition. British Journal of Health Psychology, 8, 423–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dolcini, M.M., Cohn, L.D., Adler, N.E., Millstein, S.G., Irwin, C.E., Kegeles, S.M., et al. (1989). Adolescent egocentrism and feelings of invulnerability: Are they related? Journal of Early Adolescence, 9, 409–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkind, D. (1967). Egocentrism in adolescence. Child Development, 38, 1025–1034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elkind, D., & Bowen, R. (1979). Imaginary audience behavior in children and adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 15, 38–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etter, J. (1999). Computer based counselling program for stopping smoking [letter to the editor]. Retrieved 14th August, 2006, from the British Medical Journal Web site: http://bmj.bmjjournals.eom/cgi/eletters/319/7215/948#4886Google Scholar
Etter, J., & Perneger, T.V. (2001). Effectiveness of a computer-tailored smoking cessation program. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 2596–2601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, A., Green, V., & McNeil, D.W. (1993). Adolescent substance users: Problem-solving abilities. Journal of Substance Abuse, 5, 85–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frankenberger, K.D. (2000). Adolescent egocentrism: A comparison among adolescents and adults. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 343–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frankenberger, K.D. (2004). Adolescent egocentrism, risk perceptions, and sensation seeking among smoking and non-smoking youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 576–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldspink, J.L. (2002). Examination of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change to increase physical activity within an organisational setting. Unpublished honour’s thesis, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.Google Scholar
Goldstein, M.G., Niaura, R., Follick, M.J., & Abrams, D.B. (1989). Effects of behavioral skills training and schedule of nicotine gum administration on smoking cessation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 56–60.Google Scholar
Goossens, L., Beyers, W., Emmen, M., & van Aken, M. (2002). The imaginary audience and personal fable: Factor analysis and concurrent validity of the “new look” measures. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12, 193–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goossens, L., Seiffge-Krenke, I., & Marcoen, A. (1992). The many faces of adolescent egocentrism: Two European replications. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 43–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, V., Johnson, S., & Kaplan, D. (1992). Predictors of adolescent female decision making regarding contraceptive usage. Adolescence, 27, 613–632.Google ScholarPubMed
Greene, K., Krcmar, M., Rubin, D.L., Walters, L.H., & Hale, J., L. (2002). Elaboration in processing adolescent health messages: The impact of egocentrism and sensation seeking on message processing. Journal of Communication, 52, 812–831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, K., Krcmar, M., Walters, L.H., Rubin, D.L., & Hale, J., L. (2000). Targeting adolescent risk-taking behaviors: The contribution of egocentrism and sensation seeking. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 439–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greene, K., Rubin, D.L., Hale, J., L., & Walters, L.H. (1996). The utility of understanding adolescent egocentrism in designing health promotion messages. Health Communication, 8, 131–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, W.C., & Billingham, R.E. (1990). Relationship between egocentrism, alcohol consumption and reasons given for drinking. Psychological Reports, 67, 459–464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haas, A.L., Munoz, R.F., Humfleet, G.L., Reus, V.I., & Hall, S.M. (2004). Influences of mood, depression history, and treatment modality on outcomes in smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 563–570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrick, A.B., Stone, W.J., & Mettler, M.M. (1997). Stages of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy across four health behaviors in a worksite environment. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 49–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holder, H.D. (1998). Alcohol and the community: A systems approach to prevention. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inhelder, B., & Piaget, J. (1958). The growth of logical thinking: Prom childhood to adolescence (Parsons, A. & Milgram, S. Trans.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahnke, H.C., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (1993). A test of two models of adolescent egocentrism. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 22, 313–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janmner, M.S., Wolitski, R.J., & Corby, N.H. (1997). Impact of a longitudinal community HIV Intervention targeting injecting drug users’ stage of change for condom and bleach use. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 15–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S., & Green, V. (1993). Female adolescent contraceptive decision making and risk taking. Adolescence, 28, 81–96.Google ScholarPubMed
Kahler, C. (2001). Generation and Recall of Alcohol-Related Information in Excessive Drinkers: Relation to Problem Severity, Outcome Expectancies, and Stage of Change. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15, 109–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kristjansson, S., Branstrom, R., Ullen, R., & Helgason, A.R. (2003). Transtheoretical model: Investigation of adolescents’ sunbathing behaviour. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 12, 501–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lapsley, D.K. (1993). Toward an integrated theory of adolescent cognitive development: The ”new look” at adolescent egocentrism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 562–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lapsley, D.K. (in press). The two faces of adolescent invulnerability. In Romer, D. (Ed.), Reducing adolescent risk: Towards an integrated approach. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.Google Scholar
Lapsley, D.K., FitzGerald, D.P., Rice, K.G., & Jackson, S. (1989). Separation-individuation and the “new look” at the imaginary audience and personal fable: A test of an integrative model. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4, 483–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loughlan, C., & Mutrie, N. (1997). An evaluation of the effectiveness of three interventions in promoting physical activity in a sedentary population. Health Education Research, 56, 154–165.Google Scholar
McKay, S. (2003). Adolescent risk behaviors and communication research: Current directions. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 22, 74–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, W., & Hester, R. (2003). Treating alcohol problems: Toward an informed eclecticism. In Hester, R. & Miller, W. (Eds.), Handbook of alcoholism treatment approaches: Effective alternatives (3rd ed., pp. 1–12). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Niaura, R., Abrams, D.B., Shadel, W.G., Rohsenow, D.J., Monti, P.M., & Sirota, A.D. (1999). Cue exposure treatment for smoking relapse prevention: A controlled clinical trial. Addiction, 94, 685–695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Omori, M., & Ingersoll, G.M. (2005). Health-endangering behaviours among Japanese college students: A test of psychosocial model of risk-taking behaviours. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 17–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Out, J.W., & Lafreniere, K.D. (2001). Baby think it over(r): Using role-play to prevent teen pregnancy. Adolescence, 36, 571–582.Google Scholar
Parrott, R. (2004). Emphasizing the “communication” in health communication. Journal of Communication, 54, 751–787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perz, C.A., DiClemente, C.C., & Carbonari, J.P. (1996). Doing the right thing at the right time? The interaction of stages and processes of change in successful smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 15, 462–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petty, R.E., & Cacioppo, J.T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123–205). New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. (1929/1971). The child’s conception of the world (Tomlinson, J. & Tomlinson, A. Trans.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1970). Piagef s theory. In Mussen, P. H. (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychiatry (3rd ed. ed., Vol. 1, pp. 703–732). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Prochaska, J.O. (1979). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis. Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey Press.Google Scholar
Prochaska, J.O. (1991). Assessing how people change. Cancer, 67(Suppl. 1), 805–807.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.O. (2006). Is social cognitive theory becoming a transtheoretical model? A comment on Dijkstra et al. (2006). Addiction, 101, 916–917.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C., & Norcross, J.C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47, 1102–1114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C., Velicer, W.F., & Rossi, J.S. (1993). Standardized, individualized, interactive, and personalized self-help programs for smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 12, 399–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.O., Norcross, J.C., Fowler, J., Follick, M.J., & Abrams, D.B. (1992). Attendance and outcome in a work-site weight control program: Processes and stages of change as process and predictor variables. Addictive Behaviors, 17, 35–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prochaska, J.O., & Velicer, W.F. (1997). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 38–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., DiClemente, C.C., & Fava, J. (1988). Measuring processes of change: Applications to the cessation of smoking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 520–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., Fava, J., Rossi, J.S., & Tsoh, J.Y. (2001). Evaluating a population-based recruitment approach and a stage-based expert system intervention for smoking cessation. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 583–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., Fava, J., Ruggiero, L., Laforge, R.G., Rossi, J.S., et al. (2001). Counselor and stimulus control enhancements of a stage-matched expert system intervention for smokers in a managed care setting. Preventive Medicine, 32, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., Rossi, J.S., Golstein, M., G., Marcus, B.H., Rakowski, W., et al. (1994). Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors. Health Psychology, 13, 39–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quinlan, K.B., & McCaul, K.D. (2000). Matched and mismatched interventions with young adult smokers: Testing a stage theory. Health Psychology, 19, 165–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riemsma, R.P., Pattenden, J., Briddle, C., Sowden, A.J., Mather, L., & Watt, I.S. (in press). Stage-based interventions for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.Google Scholar
Riemsma, R.P., Pattenden, J., Briddle, C., Sowden, A.J., Mather, L., Watt, I.S., et al. (2003). Systematic review of the effectiveness of stage based interventions to promote smoking cessation. British Medical Journal, 326, 1175–1182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolison, M.R., & Scherman, A. (2003). College student risk-taking from three perspectives. Adolescence, 38, 689–704.Google ScholarPubMed
Rosenroll, D.A. (1987). Early adolescent egocentrism: A review of six articles. Adolescence, 88, 791–802.Google Scholar
Rycek, R.F., Stuhr, S.L., McDermott, J., Benker, J., & Swartz, M.D. (1998). Adolescent egocentrism and cognitive functioning during late adolescence. Adolescence, 33, 745–750.Google ScholarPubMed
Ryder, D. (1999). Deciding to change: Enhancing client motivation to change behaviour. Behaviour Change, 16, 165–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saltz, E., Perry, A., & Cabrai, R. (1994). Attacking the personal fable: Role-play and its effect on teen attitudes towards sexual abstinence. Youth and Society, 26, 223–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, M. (1997). Commentary. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 13–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seagrave, D., & Grisso, T. (2002). Adolescent development and the measurement of juvenile psychopathy. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 219–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spencer, L., Pagell, F., Hallion, M.E., & Adams, T.B. (2002). Applying the transtheoretical model to tobacco cessation and prevention: A review of the literature. American Journal of Health Promotion, 17, 7–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, S. (2000). Back to the drawing board? A review of applications of the transtheoretical model to substance use. Addiction, 96, 175–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vartanian, L.R. (1997). Separation-Individuation, social support, and adolescent egocentrism: An exploratory study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 17, 245–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vartanian, L.R. (2000). Revisiting the imaginary audience and personal fable constructs of adolescent egocentrism: A conceptual review. Adolescence, 35, 639–661.Google ScholarPubMed
Velicer, W.F., Prochaska, J.O., Fava, J., Laforge, R.G., & Rossi, J.S. (1999). Interactive versus noninteractive interventions and dose-response relationships for stage-matched smoking cessation programs in a managed care setting. Health Psychology, 18, 21–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, R. (2005). Time for a change: Putting the transtheoretical (stages of change) model to rest. Addiction, 100, 1036–1039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, R. (2006). The transtheoretical model of behaviour change and the scientific method. Addiction, 101, 774–778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitelaw, S., Baldwin, S., Bunton, R., & Flynn, D. (2000). The status of evidence and outcomes in stages of change research. Health Education Research, 15, 707–718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, C., & Coleman, P. (1994, Spring). Systems bloody systems: A model for the prevention of drug real ted harm. Drugwise, 3–5.Google Scholar
Wolks, S.L., & Devlin, M.J. (2001). Stage of change as a predictor of response to psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 30, 96–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar