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Preconception and perinatal predictors of offspring attachment disorganization: Advancing the replicated evidence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 April 2020

Jennifer E. McIntosh Open the ORCID record for Jennifer E. McIntosh [Opens in a new window] ,
Alexandra Schnabel Open the ORCID record for Alexandra Schnabel [Opens in a new window] ,
George J. Youssef Open the ORCID record for George J. Youssef [Opens in a new window]  and
Craig A. Olsson Open the ORCID record for Craig A. Olsson [Opens in a new window]
Jennifer E. McIntosh*
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
Alexandra Schnabel
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
George J. Youssef
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
Craig A. Olsson
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
*
Author for correspondence: Jennifer McIntosh, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, BurwoodVIC 3125, Australia. E-mail: jennifer.mcintosh@deakin.edu.au.
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Abstract

Attachment disorganization in early childhood is an influential yet modifiable risk factor for later mental health problems. Beyond established transmission through parents’ unresolved attachment representations and caregiving sensitivity, little replicated evidence exists for wider determinants of offspring attachment disorganization. This study examined the replicated evidence for psychosocial risk factors in the preconception, prenatal, and postnatal periods. We identified all relevant longitudinal studies, and examined all risk relationships for which evidence existed in two or more cohorts (48 effects, 17 studies, N = 6,099). Study-specific and pooled risk associations were estimated and a range of moderators evaluated. Mothers’ low socioeconomic status (r = .28, k = 2), perinatal loss of a child (r = .26, k = 2), caregiving intrusiveness (r = .31, k = 2), and infant male sex (r = .26, k = 4) predicted offspring attachment disorganization. Maternal sensitivity (r = –.25, k = 6) and higher metacognition during pregnancy (r = –.23, k = 3) predicted lower risk of offspring attachment disorganization. Findings suggest the origins of offspring disorganized attachment include but extend beyond maternal unresolved attachment representations and caregiving. We discuss implications for theory and for identification of modifiable risk pathways in the perinatal window.

Keywords

attachmentdisorganizationintergenerationallongitudinalmeta-analysis
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 33 , Issue 1 , February 2021 , pp. 240 - 251
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2020

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