Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-8mjnm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-19T04:56:50.772Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Internalizing–externalizing comorbidity and regional brain volumes in the ABCD study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2021

Elana Schettini*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
Sylia Wilson
Affiliation:
Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Theodore P. Beauchaine
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Elana Schettini, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Psychology, Psychology, Psychology Building 273, 1835 Neil Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210-1132; E-mail: schettini.1@buckeyemail.osu.edu

Abstract

Despite nonoverlapping diagnostic criteria, internalizing and externalizing disorders show substantial comorbidity. This comorbidity is attributable, at least in part, to transdiagnostic neuroaffective mechanisms. Both unipolar depression and externalizing disorders are characterized by structural and functional compromises in the striatum and its projections to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and other frontal regions. Smaller volumes and dampened reward responding in these regions are associated with anhedonia and irritability – mood states that cut across the internalizing and externalizing spectra. In contrast, smaller amygdala volumes and dampened amygdala function differentiate externalizing disorders from internalizing disorders. Little is known, however, about associations between internalizing–externalizing comorbidity and brain volumes in these regions, or whether such patterns differ by sex. Using a transdiagnostic, research domain criteria (RDoC)-informed approach, we evaluate associations between heterotypic (Internalizing × Externalizing) symptom interactions and striatal, amygdalar, and ACC volumes among participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (N = 6,971, mean age 9.9 years, 51.6% female). Heterotypic symptoms were associated with ACC volumes for both sexes, over and above the main effects of internalizing and externalizing alone. However, heterotypic comorbidity was associated with larger ACC volumes for girls, but with smaller ACC volumes for boys. These findings suggest a need for further studies and transdiagnostic assessment by sex.

Type
Special Issue Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (2009). The Achenbach system of empirically based assessment (ASEBA): Development, findings, theory, and applications. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.Google Scholar
Akshoomoff, N., Beaumont, J. L., Bauer, P. J., Dikmen, S. S., Gershon, R. C., Mungas, D., … Heaton, R. K. (2013). National Institutes of Health Toolbox cognition battery (NIH Toolbox CB): Validation for children between 3 and 15 years: VIII. NIH Toolbox cognition battery (CB): Composite scores of crystallized, fluid, and overall cognition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78, 119132. doi:10.1111/mono.12038CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999). Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 5787. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00424CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atkins, D. C., Bedics, J. D., McGlinchey, J. B., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2005). Assessing clinical significance: Does it matter which method we use? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 982989. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.982CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barch, D. M., Albaugh, M. D., Avenevoli, S., Chang, L., Clark, D. B., Glantz, M. D., … Alia-Klein, N. (2018). Demographic, physical and mental health assessments in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: Rationale and description. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 32, 5566. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.10.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67, 148. doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P. (2020a). A developmental psychopathology perspective on the emergence of antisocial and borderline personality pathologies across the lifespan. In Lejuez, C. W. & Gratz, K. L. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personality disorders (pp. 9498). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P. (2020b). Family history of depression and child striatal volumes in the ABCD study: Promise and perils of neuroimaging research with large samples. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59, 11331134. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.01.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., & Cicchetti, D. (2016). A new generation of comorbidity research in the era of neuroscience and the research domain criteria. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 891894. doi:10.1017/S0954579416000602CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., & Cicchetti, D. (2019). Emotion dysregulation and emerging psychopathology: A transdiagnostic, transdisciplinary perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 31, 799804. doi:10.1017/S0954579419000671CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., & Constantino, J. N. (2017). Redefining the endophenotype concept to accommodate transdiagnostic vulnerabilities and etiological complexity. Biomarkers in Medicine, 11, 769780. doi:10.2217/bmm-2017-0002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2020). RDoC and psychopathology among youth: Misplaced assumptions and an agenda for future research. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 49, 322340. doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1750022CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Hinshaw, S. P., & Pang, K. (2010). Comorbidity of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and early-onset conduct disorder: Biological, environmental, and developmental mechanisms. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 327336. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01224.xGoogle Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Hong, J., & Marsh, P. (2008). Sex differences in autonomic correlates of conduct problems and aggression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 788796. doi:10.1097/CHI.Ob013e318172ef4bCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Klein, D. N., Crowell, S. E., Derbidge, C., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. M. (2009). Multifinality in the development of personality disorders: A Biology × Sex × Environment interaction model of antisocial and borderline traits. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 735770. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000418CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Klein, D. N., Knapton, E., & Zisner, A. R. (2019). Anhedonia in depression: Assessment, mechanisms, and therapeutics. In Quevedo, J., Carvalho, A. F. & Zarate, C. A. (Eds.), Neurobiology of depression: Road to novel therapeutics (pp. 3141). London, UK: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-813333-0.00005-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., & McNulty, T. (2013). Comorbidities and continuities as ontogenic processes: Toward a developmental spectrum model of externalizing psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 15051528. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000746CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., & Tackett, J. L. (2020). Irritability as a transdiagnostic vulnerability trait: Current issues and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 51, 350364. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.10.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Webster-Stratton, C., & Reid, M. J. (2005). Mediators, moderators, and predictors of one-year outcomes among children treated for early-onset conduct problems: A latent growth curve analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 371388. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.371CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Zisner, A., & Sauder, C. L. (2017). Trait impulsivity and the externalizing spectrum. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 343368. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093253CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birn, R. M., Roeber, B. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2017). Early childhood stress exposure, reward pathways, and adult decision making. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114, 1354913554. doi:10.1073/pnas.1708791114CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, R. J. R. (2013). The neurobiology of psychopathic traits in youths. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14, 786799. doi:10.1038/nrn3577CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, B. J., Cannonier, T., Conley, M. I., Cohen, A. O., Barch, D. M., Heitzeg, M. M., … Orr, C. A. (2018). The adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study: Imaging acquisition across 21 sites. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 32, 4354. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chronis-Tuscano, A., Molina, B. S., Pelham, W. E., Applegate, B., Dahlke, A., Overmyer, M., & Lahey, B. B. (2010). Very early predictors of adolescent depression and suicide attempts in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 10441051. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Corr, P. J. (2004). Reinforcement sensitivity theory and personality. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 317332. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.01.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corrigan, J. D., & Bogner, J. (2007). Initial reliability and validity of the Ohio state university TBI identification method. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 22, 318329. doi:10.1097/01.HTR.0000300227.67748.77CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuthbert, B. N., & Insel, T. R. (2013). Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: The seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Medicine, 11, 126. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-126CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Los Reyes, A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: A critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 483509. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.4.483CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desikan, R. S., Ségonne, F., Fischl, B., Quinn, B. T., Dickerson, B. C., Blacker, D., … Albert, M. S. (2006). An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. Neuroimage, 31, 968980. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Destrieux, C., Fischl, B., Dale, A., & Halgren, E. (2010). Automatic parcellation of human cortical gyri and sulci using standard anatomical nomenclature. Neuroimage, 53, 115. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dhamija, D., Tuvblad, C., & Baker, L. A. (2017). Behavioral genetics of the externalizing spectrum. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of externalizing spectrum disorders (pp. 105124). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324675.013.25Google Scholar
Dong, X., Li, S., & Kirouac, G. J. (2017). Collateralization of projections from the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus to the nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and central nucleus of the amygdala. Brain Structure and Function, 222, 39273943. doi:10.1007/s00429-017-1445-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dotterer, H. L., Hyde, L. W., Swartz, J. R., Hariri, A. R., & Williamson, D. E. (2017). Amygdala reactivity predicts adolescent antisocial behavior but not callous-unemotional traits. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 24, 8492. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ducharme, S., Hudziak, J. J., Botteron, K. N., Ganjavi, H., Lepage, C., Collins, D. L., … Brain Development Cooperative Group (2011). Right anterior cingulate cortical thickness and bilateral striatal volume correlate with child behavior checklist aggressive behavior scores in healthy children. Biological Psychiatry, 70, 283290. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.03.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Efron, B. (2010). False discovery rate control. In Large-scale inference: Empirical Bayes methods for estimation, testing, and prediction (pp. 4669). Cambridge: Cambridge Univerity Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511761362.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eme, R. (2016). Sex differences in the prevalence and expression of externalizing behavior. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of externalizing spectrum disorders (pp. 239263). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eme, R. (2020). Life course persistent antisocial behavior silver anniversary. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 50, 101344. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2019.101344CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ercan, E. S., Suren, S., Bacanlı, A., Yazıcı, K. U., Callı, C., Ardic, U. A., … Rohde, L. A. (2016). Altered structural connectivity is related to attention deficit/hyperactivity subtypes: A DTI study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 256, 5764. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.04.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fair, D. A., Nigg, J. T., Iyer, S., Bathula, D., Mills, K. L., Dosenbach, N. U. F., … Milham, M. P. (2013). Distinct neural signatures detected for ADHD subtypes after controlling for micro-movements in resting state functional connectivity MRI data. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 6, 80. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2012.00080CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairchild, G., Hagan, C. C., Walsh, N. D., Passamonti, K., Calder, A. J., & Goodyer, I. M. (2013). Brain structure abnormalities in adolescent girls with conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 8695. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02617.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairchild, G., Passamonti, L., Hurford, G., Hagan, C. C., von dem Hagen, E. A., van Goozen, S. H., … Calder, A. J. (2011). Brain structure abnormalities in early-onset and adolescent-onset conduct disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 624633. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10081184CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischl, B. (2012). Freesurfer. Neuroimage, 62, 774781. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischl, B., Salat, D. H., Busa, E., Albert, M., Dieterich, M., Haselgrove, C., … Montillo, A. (2002). Whole brain segmentation: Automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron, 33, 341355. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00569-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischl, B., Sereno, M. I., Tootell, R. B., & Dale, A. M. (1999). High-resolution intersubject averaging and a coordinate system for the cortical surface. Human Brain Mapping, 8, 272284. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1999)8:4<272::aid-hbm10>3.0.co;2-43.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, E. E., & Dahl, R. E. (2012). Research review: Altered reward function in adolescent depression: What, when and how? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 315. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02477.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, E. E., May, J. C., Siegle, G. J., Ladouceur, C. D., Ryan, N. D., Carter, C. S., … Dahl, R. E. (2006). Reward-related decision-making in pediatric major depressive disorder: An fMRI study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 10311040. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01673.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Thornton, L. C., & Kahn, R. E. (2014). Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 157. doi:10.1037/a0033076CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaffrey, M. S., Luby, J. L., Belden, A. C., Hirshberg, J. S., Volsch, J., & Barch, D. M. (2011). Association between depression severity and amygdala reactivity during sad face viewing in depressed preschoolers: An fMRI study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 129, 364370. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.08.031CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garavan, H., Bartsch, H., Conway, K., Decastro, A., Goldstein, R. Z., Heeringa, S., … Zahs, D. (2018). Recruiting the ABCD sample: Design considerations and procedures. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 32, 1622. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.04.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Beauchaine, T. P., Shannon, K. E., Chipman, J., Fleming, A. P., Crowell, S. E., … Aylward, E. (2009). Neurological correlates of reward responding in adolescents with and without externalizing behavior disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 203213. doi:10.1037/a0014378CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghosh, S. S., Kakunoori, S., Augustinack, J., Nieto-Castanon, A., Kovelman, I., Gaab, N., … Fischl, B. (2010). Evaluating the validity of volume-based and surface-based brain image registration for developmental cognitive neuroscience studies in children 4 to 11 years of age. Neuroimage, 53, 8593. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.075CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gizer, I. R., Otto, J. M., & Ellingson, J. M. (2017). Molecular genetics of the externalizing spectrum. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of externalizing spectrum disorders (pp. 149169). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324675.013.29Google Scholar
Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Greenbaum, P. E., & Dedrick, R. F. (1998). Hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis of the child behavior checklist/4–18. Psychological Assessment, 10, 149155. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haber, S. N. (2016). Corticostriatal circuitry. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 18, 721. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.1/shaberCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagler, D. J., Hatton, S., Cornejo, M. D., Makowski, C., Fair, D. A., Dick, A. S., … Watts, R. (2019). Image processing and analysis methods for the adolescent brain cognitive development study. Neuroimage, 202, 116091. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116091CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haines, N., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2020). Moving beyond ordinary factor analysis to quantify functional dimensions of human behavior: A computational modeling perspective. Psychopathology, 53, 157167. doi:10.1159/000508539CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haines, N., Beauchaine, T. P., Galdo, M., Rogers, A. H., Hahn, H., Pitt, M. A., … Ahn, W. Y. (2020). Anxiety modulates preference for immediate rewards among trait-impulsive individuals: A hierarchical Bayesian analysis. Clinical Psychological Science, 8, 10171036. doi:10.1177/2167702620929636CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hajcak, G., & Foti, D. (2008). Errors are aversive: Defensive motivation and the error-related negativity. Psychological Science, 19, 103108. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02053.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heaton, R. K., Akshoomoff, N., Tulsky, D., Mungas, D., Weintraub, S., Dikmen, S., … Gershon, R. (2014). Reliability and validity of composite scores from the NIH toolbox cognition battery in adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20, 588598. doi:10.1017/S1355617714000241CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodes, R. J., Insel, T. R., & Landis, S. C. (2013). The NIH toolbox: Setting a standard for biomedical research. Neurology, 80, S1. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182872e90CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holz, N. E., Boecker-Schlier, R., Buchmann, A. F., Blomeyer, D., Jennen-Steinmetz, C., Baumeister, S., … Laucht, M. (2017). Ventral striatum and amygdala activity as convergence sites for early adversity and conduct disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12, 261272. doi:10.1093/scan/nsw120CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, A. P., Laurens, K. R., Herba, C. M., Barker, G. J., & Viding, E. (2009). Amygdala hypo-activity to fearful faces in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 95102. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07071050CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Perepletchikova, F., Brent, D., & Ryan, N. (2013). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children—present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL, DSM-5). Baltimore, MD: Kennedy Krieger Institute.Google Scholar
Klein, D. N., & Riso, L. P. (1993). Psychiatric disorders: Problems of boundaries and comorbidity. In Costello, C. G. (Ed.), Basic issues in psychopathology (pp. 1966). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kolla, N. J., Dunlop, K., Downar, J., Links, P., Bagby, R. M., Wilson, A. A., … Meyer, J. H. (2015). Association of ventral striatum monoamine oxidase-A binding and functional connectivity in antisocial personality disorder with high impulsivity: A positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 26, 777786. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.030CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krueger, R. F., & Markon, K. E. (2006). Reinterpreting comorbidity: A model-based approach to understanding and classifying psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 111133. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095213CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laakso, A., Wallius, E., Kajander, J., Bergman, J., Eskola, O., Solin, O., … Hietala, J. (2003). Personality traits and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in healthy subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 904910. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.904CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lahey, B. B., Krueger, R. F., Rathouz, P. J., Waldman, I. D., & Zald, D. H. (2017). A hierarchical causal taxonomy of psychopathology across thelife span. Psychological Bulletin, 143, 142186. doi:10.1037/bul0000069CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahey, B. B., Lee, S. S., Sibley, M. H., Applegate, B., Molina, B. S. G., & Pelham, W. E. (2016). Predictors of adolescent outcomes among 4–6-year-old children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125, 168181. doi:10.1037/abn0000086CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, S. Y., Burns, G. L., Beauchaine, T. P., & Becker, S. P. (2016). Bifactor latent structure of ADHD/ODD symptoms and first-order latent structure of sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms. Psychological Assessment, 28, 917928. doi:10.1037/pas0000232CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leon, A. C., & Heo, M. (2009). Sample sizes required to detect interactions between two binary fixed-effects in a mixed-effects linear regression model. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 53, 603608. doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.06.01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeber, R., & Hay, D. (1997). Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 371410. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.371CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R., & Keenan, K. (1994). Interaction between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: Effects of age and gender. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 497523. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(94)90015-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loth, A. K., Drabick, D. A., Leibenluft, E., & Hulvershorn, L. A. (2014). Do childhood externalizing disorders predict adult depression? A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 11031113. doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9867-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luciana, M., Bjork, J. M., Nagel, B. J., Barch, D. M., Gonzalez, R., Nixon, S. J., & Banich, M. T. (2018). Adolescent neurocognitive development and impacts of substance use: Overview of the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) baseline neurocognition battery. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 32, 6779. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.02.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luijten, M., Schellekens, A. F., Kühn, S., Machielse, M. W. J., & Sescousse, G. (2017). Disruption of reward processing in addiction: An image-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. JAMA Psychiatry, 74, 387398. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3084CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luke, S. G. (2017). Evaluating significance in linear mixed-effects models in R. Behavior Research Methods, 49, 14941502. doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0809-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martel, M. M. (2013). Sexual selection and sex differences in the prevalence of childhood externalizing and adolescent internalizing disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 12211259. doi:10.1037/a0032247CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsuo, K., Rosenberg, D. R., Easter, P. C., MacMaster, F. P., Chen, H.-H., Nicoletti, M., … Soares, J. C. (2008). Striatal volume abnormalities in treatment-naïve patients diagnosed with pediatric major depressive disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 18, 121131. doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0026CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McConaughy, S. H., & Achenbach, T. M. (1994). Comorbidity of empirically based syndromes in matched general population and clinical samples. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 11411157. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01814.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonough-Caplan, H., Klein, D. N., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2018). Comorbidity and continuity of depression and conduct problems from elementary school to adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127, 326337. doi:10.1037/abn0000339CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milich, R., Balentine, A. C., & Lynam, D. R. (2001). ADHD combined type and ADHD predominantly inattentive type are distinct and unrelated disorders. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 463488. doi:10.1093/clipsy.8.4.463Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674701. doi:10.4324/9781315096278-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute of Mental Health. (2021). Research Domain Criteria Matrix. Retrieved on 2/8/2021 from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/rdoc/constructs/rdoc-matrix.shtmlGoogle Scholar
Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97113. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owens, M. M., Potter, A., Hyatt, C., Albaugh, M., Thompson, W. K., Jernigan, T., … Garavan, H. (2020). Recalibrating expectations about effect size: A multi-method survey of effect sizes in the ABCD study. PsyArXiv, doi:10.31234/osf.io/tn9u4Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2020). About one-in-four U.S. Hispanics have heard of Latinx, but just 3% use it. Retrieved on 11/17/2020 from https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2020/08/11/about-one-in-four-u-s-hispanics-have-heard-of-latinx-but-just-3-use-it/Google Scholar
Phan, K. L., Fitzgerald, D. A., Nathan, P. J., & Tancer, M. E. (2006). Association between amygdala hyperactivity to harsh faces and severity of social anxiety in generalized social phobia. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 424429. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plichta, M. M., & Scheres, A. (2014). Ventral-striatal responsiveness during reward anticipation in ADHD and its relation to trait impulsivity in the healthy population: A meta-analytic review of the fMRI literature. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 38, 125134. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Proudfit, G. H., Inzlicht, M., & Mennin, D. S. (2013). Anxiety and error monitoring: The importance of motivation and emotion. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 636. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00636CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, L. N. (1966). Deviant children grown up. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Rosso, I. M., Cintron, C. M., Steingard, R. J., Renshaw, P. F., Young, A. D., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2005). Amygdala and hippocampus volumes in pediatric major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 2126. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samimy, S., Schettini, E., O'Grady, S., Hinshaw, S. P., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2021). Subcortical reward processing, nonsuicidal self-injury, and suicidal behavior in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Manuscript under review.Google Scholar
Sanislow, C. A., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K. J., Kozak, M. J., Garvey, M. A., Heinssen, R. K., … Cuthbert, B. N. (2010). Developing constructs for psychopathology research: Research domain criteria. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 631639. doi:10.1037/a0020909CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sauder, C. L., Beauchaine, T. P., Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Shannon, K. E., & Aylward, E. (2012). Neuroanatomical correlates of heterotypic comorbidity in externalizing male adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41, 346352. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.658612CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sauder, C. L., Derbidge, C. M., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016). Neural responses to monetary incentives among self-injuring adolescent girls. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 277291. doi:10.1017/S0954579415000449CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schultz, W. (2016). Dopamine reward prediction-error signaling: A two-component response. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 183195. doi:10.1038/nrn.2015.26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shader, T. M., Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Crowell, S. E., Reid, M. J., Thayer, J. F., Vasey, M. W., … Beauchaine, T. P. (2018). Quantifying respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Effects of misspecifying breathing frequencies across development. Development and Psychopathology, 30, 351366. doi:10.1017/S0954579417000669CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stokes, P. R. A., Shotbolt, P., Mehta, M. A., Turkheimer, E., Benecke, A., Copeland, C., … Howes, O. D. (2012). Nature or nurture? Determining the heritability of human striatal dopamine function: An [18F]-DOPA PET study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 485491. doi:10.1038/npp.2012.207CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storebø, O. J., & Simonsen, E. (2016). The association between ADHD and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD): A review. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20, 815824. doi:10.1177/1087054713512150CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stover, P. J., Harlan, W. R., Hammond, J. A., Hendershot, T., & Hamilton, C. M. (2010). PhenX: A toolkit for interdisciplinary genetics research. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 21, 136140. doi:10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283377395CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szabo, C. A., Xiong, J., Lancaster, J. L., Rainey, L., & Fox, P. (2001). Amygdalar and hippocampal volumetry in control participants: Differences regarding handedness. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 22, 13421345.Google ScholarPubMed
Tackett, J. L., Lahey, B. B., van Hulle, C., Waldman, I., Krueger, R. F., & Rathouz, P. J. (2013). Common genetic influences on negative emotionality and a general psychopathology factor in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 11421153. doi:10.1037/a0034151CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsend, L., Kobak, K., Kearney, C., Milham, M., Andreotti, C., Escalera, J., … Rice, D. (2020). Development of three web-based computerized versions of the kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia child psychiatric diagnostic interview: Preliminary validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59, 309325. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toyoda, H., Li, X.-Y., Wu, L.-J., Zhao, M.-G., & Descalzi, G. (2011). Interplay of amygdala and cingulate plasticity in emotional fear. Neural Plasticity, 813749. doi:10.1155/2011/813749Google ScholarPubMed
Tye, K. M., Prakash, R., Kim, S.-Y., Fenno, L. E., Grosenick, L., Zarabi, H., … Deisseroth, K. (2011). Amygdala circuitry mediating reversible and bidirectional control of anxiety. Nature, 471, 358362. doi:10.1038/nature09820CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veale, J. F. (2014). Edinburgh handedness inventory – short form: A revised version based on confirmatory factor analysis. Laterality, 19, 164177. doi:10.1080/1357650X.2013.783045CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., Croyle, R. T., Bianchi, D. W., Gordon, J. A., Koroshetz, W. J., … Deeds, B. G. (2018). The conception of the ABCD study: From substance use to a broad NIH collaboration. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 32, 47. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.10.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, J. L., Lahey, B. B., Russo, M. F., Frick, P. J., Christ, M. A., McBurnett, K., … Green, S. M. (1991). Anxiety, inhibition, and conduct disorder in children: I. Relations to social impairment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 187191. doi:10.1097/00004583-199103000-00004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, G. L., White, S., Robustelli, B., Sinclair, S., Hwang, S., Martin, A., & Blair, R. J. R. (2014). Cortical and subcortical abnormalities in youth with conduct disorder and elevated callous-unemotional traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53, 456465. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Brown, S., Tanguay, S., Monuteaux, M. C., Blake, C., & Spencer, T. J. (2002). Psychiatric comorbidity and functioning in clinically referred preschool children and school-age youths with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 262268. doi:10.1097/00004583-200203000-00005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yan, J., Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2020). Paternal antisociality and growth in child delinquent behaviors: Moderating effects of child sex and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Developmental Psychobiology. Advance Online Publication, doi:10.1002/dev.22083Google Scholar
Zisner, A., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016). Neural substrates of trait impulsivity, anhedonia, and irritability: Mechanisms of heterotypic comorbidity between externalizing disorders and unipolar depression. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 11771208. doi:10.1017/S0954579416000754CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed