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Heritability of children's prosocial behavior and differential susceptibility to parenting by variation in the dopamine receptor D4 gene

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 January 2011

Ariel Knafo ,
Salomon Israel  and
Richard P. Ebstein
Ariel Knafo*
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Salomon Israel
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore
Richard P. Ebstein
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem National University of Singapore
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Ariel Knafo, Psychology Department, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel; E-mail: msarielk@mscc.huji.ac.il.
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Abstract

Theoretical considerations and new empirical evidence suggest that children's development cannot simply be explained by either genes or environment but that their interaction is important to understanding child behavior. In particular, a genetic polymorphism, the exon III repeat region of the dopamine receptor D4, has been the focus of interest regarding differential susceptibility to parental influence. To study environmental and genetic influences on children's prosocial behavior, 168 twin pairs (mean age = 44 months) participated in an experiment that assessed prosocial behavior via three measures: compliant prosocial behavior elicited in response to social requests, self-initiated prosocial behavior enacted voluntarily, and mothers' rating of children's behavior. Genetic effects accounted for 34% to 53% of the variance in prosocial behavior. The rest of the variance was accounted for by nonshared environment and error. Parenting measures of maternal positivity, negativity, and unexplained punishment did not correlate significantly with children's prosocial behavior. However, when parenting was stratified by presence or absence of the child's dopamine receptor D4 7-repeat allele in an overlapping sample of 167 children to model differential susceptibility to parental influence, a richer picture emerged. Positive parenting related meaningfully to mother-rated prosocial behavior, and unexplained punishment related positively to self-initiated prosocial behavior, but only among children carrying the 7-repeat allele. The findings demonstrate that a molecular genetic strategy, based on genotyping of common polymorphisms and combined with a classic twin approach, provides a richer description of how genes and environment interact to shape children's behavior, and allows for the identification of differential sensitivity to parental influence.

Type
Special Section Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , February 2011 , pp. 53 - 67
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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