Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T11:19:34.701Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Exposure to maternal depressive symptoms and growth in adolescent substance use: The mediating role of delay discounting

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2020

Julia W. Felton Open the ORCID record for Julia W. Felton [Opens in a new window] ,
Anahí Collado ,
Morgan Cinader ,
Carl W. Lejuez ,
Andrea Chronis-Tuscano  and
Richard Yi
Julia W. Felton*
Affiliation:
Division of Public Health, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
Anahí Collado
Affiliation:
Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment and Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
Morgan Cinader
Affiliation:
Division of Public Health, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
Carl W. Lejuez
Affiliation:
Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment and Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
Andrea Chronis-Tuscano
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Flint, MI, USA
Richard Yi
Affiliation:
Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment and Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Julia W. Felton, Michigan State University, Division of Public Health, 200 East 1st Street, Flint, MI; E-mail: feltonj2@msu.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Maternal depression is associated with instability within the family environment and increases in offspring substance use across adolescence. Rates of delay discounting, or the tendency to select smaller rewards that are immediately available relative to larger, but delayed rewards, are also associated with steeper increases in substance use among youth. Moreover, recent research suggests that early unstable environments may reinforce youths’ propensity towards opportunistic decision making and delay discounting specifically. The current prospective, longitudinal study examined links between maternal depressive symptoms, adolescent delay discounting, and subsequent substance use. Participants included 247 adolescents and their mothers who were assessed annually over a 6-year period (from ages 13 to 19 years). Results supported a small but significant mediation effect. Specifically, maternal depressive symptoms predicted increases in adolescent delay discounting, which, in turn, predicted steeper increases in adolescent substance use over time. Thus, youth decision making may represent a mechanism linking maternal depression and adolescent risk behaviors. Findings indicate the potential for interventions targeting parental psychopathology to prevent subsequent adolescent substance use.

Keywords

adolescent substance usedelay discountinglatent growth curvematernal depression
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 33 , Issue 4 , October 2021 , pp. 1279 - 1289
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aklin, W. M., Lejuez, C. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Kahler, C. W., & Gwadz, M. (2005). Evaluation of behavioral measures of risk taking propensity with inner city adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amlung, M., Marsden, E., Holshausen, K., Morris, V., Patel, H., Vedelago, L., … McCabe, R. E. (2019). Delay discounting as a transdiagnostic process in psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(11), 1176–1186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anokhin, A. P., Golosheykin, S., Grant, J. D., & Heath, A. C. (2011). Heritability of delay discounting in adolescence: A longitudinal twin study. Behavior Genetics, 41, 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-010-9384-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anokhin, A. P., Golosheykin, S., & Mulligan, R. C. (2015). Long-term test–retest reliability of delayed reward discounting in adolescents. Behavioural Processes, 111, 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2014.11.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Audrain-McGovern, J., Rodriguez, D., Epstein, L. H., Cuevas, J., Rodgers, K., & Wileyto, E. P. (2009). Does delay discounting play an etiological role in smoking or is it a consequence of smoking? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 103, 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.12.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belshaw, S. H., Siddique, J. A., Tanner, J., & Osho, G. S. (2012). The relationship between dating violence and suicidal behaviors in a national sample of adolescents. Violence and Victims; New York, 27, 580–591. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.4.580CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62, 647–670. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131166CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bickel, W. K., Wilson, A. G., Chen, C., Koffarnus, M. N., & Franck, C. T. (2016). Stuck in time: Negative income shock constricts the temporal window of valuation spanning the future and the past. PLoS One, 11, e0163051.10.1371/journal.pone.0163051CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bickel, W. K., Yi, R., Landes, R. D., Hill, P. F., & Baxter, C. (2011). Remember the future: Working memory training decreases delay discounting among stimulant addicts. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 260–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brennan, P. A., Hammen, C., Katz, A. R., & Le Brocque, R. M. (2002). Maternal depression, paternal psychopathology, and adolescent diagnostic outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1075–1085. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.70.5.1075CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheong, J., Tucker, J. A., Simpson, C. A., & Chandler, S. D. (2014). Time horizons and substance use among African American youths living in disadvantaged urban areas. Addictive Behaviors, 39, 818–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.12.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chorpita, B. F., Yim, L., Moffitt, C., Umemoto, L. A., & Francis, S. E. (2000). Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 835–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00130-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, D. B., Martin, C. S., & Cornelius, J. R. (2008). Adolescent-onset substance use disorders predict young adult mortality. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 637–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.11.147CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 387–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.387CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dom, G., D'haene, P., Hulstijn, W., & Sabbe, B. (2006). Impulsivity in abstinent early- and late-onset alcoholics: Differences in self-report measures and a discounting task. Addiction, 101, 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01270.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dowdell, E. B., & Santucci, M. E. (2004). Health risk behavior assessment: Nutrition, weight, and tobacco use in one urban seventh-grade class. Public Health Nursing, 21, 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0737-1209.2004.021206.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.1.50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, D. K., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Shanklin, S., Ross, J., Hawkins, J., … Wechsler, H. (2008). Youth risk behavior surveillance–United States, 2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries (Washington, D.C.: 2002), 57, 1–131.Google ScholarPubMed
Felton, J. W., Collado, A., Ingram, K. M., Doran, K., & Yi, R. (2019). Improvement of working memory is a mechanism for reductions in delay discounting among mid-age individuals in an urban medically underserved area. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 53(11), 988–998. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felton, J. W., Kofler, M. J., Lopez, C. M., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2015). The emergence of co-occurring adolescent polysubstance use and depressive symptoms: A latent growth modeling approach. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 1367–1383. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579414001473CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferguson, C. J., & Meehan, D. C. (2010). Saturday night's alright for fighting: Antisocial traits, fighting, and weapons carrying in a large sample of youth. Psychiatric Quarterly, 81, 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-010-9138-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernie, G., Peeters, M., Gullo, M. J., Christiansen, P., Cole, J. C., Sumnall, H., & Field, M. (2013). Multiple behavioural impulsivity tasks predict prospective alcohol involvement in adolescents. Addiction, 108, 1916–1923. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12283CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Field, M., Christiansen, P., Cole, J., & Goudie, A. (2007). Delay discounting and the alcohol Stroop in heavy drinking adolescents. Addiction, 102, 579–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01743.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flouri, E., Ruddy, A., & Midouhas, E. (2017). Maternal depression and trajectories of child internalizing and externalizing problems: The roles of child decision making and working memory. Psychological Medicine, 47, 1138–1148. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716003226CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallerani, C. M., Garber, J., & Martin, N. C. (2010). The temporal relation between depression and comorbid psychopathology in adolescents at varied risk for depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 51, 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02155.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, B. F., & Dawson, D. A. (1997). Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: Results from the national longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic survey. Journal of Substance Abuse, 9, 103–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., Delton, A. W., & Robertson, T. E. (2011). The influence of mortality and socioeconomic status on risk and delayed rewards: A life history theory approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1015–1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022403CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hendrickson, K. L., & Rasmussen, E. B. (2017). Mindful eating reduces impulsive food choice in adolescents and adults. Health Psychology, 36, 226. https://doi.org./10.1037/hea0000440CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofer, S. M., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2006). Two – Design and Analysis of Longitudinal Studies on Aging. In Birren, J. E., Schaie, K. W., Abeless, R. P., Gatz, M. & Salthouse, T. A. (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (6th ed., pp. 15–37). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press . https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012101264-9/50005-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55.10.1080/10705519909540118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussong, A. M., Curran, P. J., & Chassin, L. (1998). Pathways of risk for accelerated heavy alcohol use among adolescent children of alcoholic parents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 453–466. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022699701996CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jachimowicz, J. M., Chafik, S., Munrat, S., Prabhu, J. C., & Weber, E. U. (2017). Community trust reduces myopic decisions of low-income individuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114, 5401–5406. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617395114CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, L. D., Miech, R. A., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Patrick, M. E. (2019). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2018: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan. 119 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kavanaugh, M., Halterman, J. S., Montes, G., Epstein, M., Hightower, A. D., & Weitzman, M. (2006). Maternal depressive symptoms are adversely associated with prevention practices and parenting behaviors for preschool children. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 6, 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ambp.2005.09.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C. (2003). Epidemiology of women and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74, 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00426-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., … Wang, P. S. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA, 289, 3095–3105. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3095CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khurana, A., Romer, D., Betancourt, L. M., Brodsky, N. L., Giannetta, J. M., & Hurt, H. (2013). Working memory ability predicts trajectories of early alcohol use in adolescents: The mediational role of impulsivity. Addiction, 108, 506–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khurana, A., Romer, D., Betancourt, L. M., & Hurt, H. (2017). Working memory ability and early drug use progression as predictors of adolescent substance use disorders. Addiction, 112, 1220–1228. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13792CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kidd, C., Palmeri, H., & Aslin, R. N. (2013). Rational snacking: Young children's decision-making on the marshmallow task is moderated by beliefs about environmental reliability. Cognition, 126, 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.08.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim-Cohen, J., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Pawlby, S. J., & Caspi, A. (2005). Maternal depression and children's antisocial behavior: Nature and nurture effects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.2.173CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim-Spoon, J., McCullough, M. E., Bickel, W. K., Farley, J. P., & Longo, G. S. (2015). Longitudinal associations among religiousness, delay discounting, and substance use initiation in early adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25, 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12104CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirby, K. N., Godoy, R., Reyes-Garcıa, V., Byron, E., Apaza, L., Leonard, W., … Wilkie, D. (2002). Correlates of delay-discount rates: Evidence from Tsimane'Amerindians of the Bolivian rain forest. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23, 291–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., & Bickel, W. K. (1999). Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 78–87. https://doi.org.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/10.1037/0096-3445.128.1.78CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirisci, L., Vanyukov, M., Dunn, M., & Tarter, R. (2002). Item response theory modeling of substance use: An index based on 10 drug categories. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16, 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.16.4.290CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kollins, S. H. (2003). Delay discounting is associated with substance use in college students. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 1167–1173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(02)00220-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuckertz, J. M., Mitchell, C., & Wiggins, J. L. (2018). Parenting mediates the impact of maternal depression on child internalizing symptoms. Depression and Anxiety, 35, 89–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamis, D. A., Malone, P. S., Lansford, J. E., & Lochman, J. E. (2012). Maternal depressive symptoms as a predictor of alcohol use onset and heavy episodic drinking in youths. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 887–896. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028959CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieb, R., Isensee, B., Höfler, M., Pfister, H., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2002). Parental major depression and the risk of depression and other mental disorders in offspring: A prospective-longitudinal community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 365–374. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.4.365CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American statistical Association, 83, 1198–1202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O'Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 561–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00100-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazur, JE. (1987). An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. In Commons, ML, Mazur, JE, Nevin, JA, & Rachlin, H (Eds.), Quantitative analysis of behavior: The effect of delay and intervening events on reinforcement value (Vol. 5, pp. 55–73). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
McCue Horwitz, S., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Storfer-Isser, A., & Carter, A. S. (2007). Prevalence, correlates, and persistence of maternal depression. Journal of Women's Health, 16, 678–691. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2006.0185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGinnis, J. M., & Foege, W. H. (1999). Mortality and morbidity attributable to use of addictive substances in the United States. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians, 111, 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1381.1999.09256.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michaelson, L. E., & Munakata, Y. (2016). Trust matters: Seeing how an adult treats another person influences preschoolers’ willingness to delay gratification. Developmental Science, 19, 1011–1019. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12388CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittal, C., & Griskevicius, V. (2016). Silver spoons and platinum plans: How childhood environment affects adult health care decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 43, 636–656. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucw046CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2010). Mplus user's guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.Google Scholar
Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., Neiderhiser, J. M., Ganiban, J. M., Harold, G. T., Reiss, D., & Leve, L. D. (2014). Raised by depressed parents: Is it an environmental risk? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17, 357–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-014-0169-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Connor, D. P., Lee, R. E., Mehta, P., Thompson, D., Bhargava, A., Carlson, C., … Stevens, A. (2015). Childhood obesity research demonstration project: Cross-site evaluation methods. Childhood Obesity, 11, 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2014.0061CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patak, M., & Reynolds, B. (2007). Question-based assessments of delay discounting: Do respondents spontaneously incorporate uncertainty into their valuations for delayed rewards? Addictive Behaviors, 32, 351–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.03.034CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pena, J. B., Matthieu, M. M., Zayas, L. H., Masyn, K. E., & Caine, E. D. (2012). Co-occurring risk behaviors among White, Black, and Hispanic US high school adolescents with suicide attempts requiring medical attention, 1999–2007: Implications for future prevention initiatives. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47, 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0322-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piqueras, J. A., Martín-Vivar, M., Sandin, B., San Luis, C., & Pineda, D. (2017). The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale: A systematic review and reliability generalization meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 218, 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pisetsky, E. M., Chao, Y. M., Dierker, L. C., May, A. M., & Striegel-Moore, R. H. (2008). Disordered eating and substance use in high-school students: Results from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41, 464–470. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20520CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, B., & Fields, S. (2012). Delay discounting by adolescents experimenting with cigarette smoking. Addiction, 107, 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03644.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, B., Leraas, K., Collins, C., & Melanko, S. (2009). Delay discounting by the children of smokers and nonsmokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 99, 350–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.07.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richardson, C. G., & Edalati, H. (2016). Application of a brief measure of delay discounting to examine the relationship between delay discounting and the initiation of substance use among adolescents. Substance Use & Misuse, 51, 540–544. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2015.1126740CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, J. L., Roeltgen, D. P., Kushner, H., Zinn, A. R., Reiss, A., Bardsley, M. Z., … Tartaglia, N. (2012). Behavioral and social phenotypes in boys with 47,XYY syndrome or 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome. Pediatrics, 129, 769–778. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0719CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Runeson, B., Tidemalm, D., Dahlin, M., Lichtenstein, P., & Långström, N. (2010). Method of attempted suicide as predictor of subsequent successful suicide: National long term cohort study. BMJ, 341, c3222. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c3222CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russo, S. J., Dietz, D. M., Dumitriu, D., Morrison, J. H., Malenka, R. C., & Nestler, E. J. (2010). The addicted synapse: Mechanisms of synaptic and structural plasticity in nucleus accumbens. Trends in Neurosciences, 33, 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2010.02.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schacter, D. L., Benoit, R. G., & Szpunar, K. K. (2017). Episodic future thinking: Mechanisms and functions. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 17, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.06.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sindelar, H. A., Barnett, N. P., & Spirito, A. (2004). Adolescent alcohol use and injury. Minerva Pediatrica, 56, 19.Google ScholarPubMed
Swendsen, J., Burstein, M., Case, B., Conway, K. P., Dierker, L., He, J., & Merikangas, K. R. (2012). Use and abuse of alcohol and illicit drugs in US adolescents: Results of the National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent Supplement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 390–398. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1503Google ScholarPubMed
Wang, F. L., Pandika, D., Chassin, L., Lee, M., & King, K. (2016). Testing the relations among family disorganization, delay discounting, and adolescent alcohol use: A genetically informed study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 40, 846–856. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12999CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissman, M. M., Pilowsky, D. J., Wickramaratne, P. J., Talati, A., Wisniewski, S. R., Fava, M., …, Team, for the S.-C. (2006). Remissions in maternal depression and child psychopathology: A STAR*D-child report. JAMA, 295, 1389–1398. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.12.1389CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, J., Li, J., Cuijpers, P., Wu, S., & Wu, Z. (2012). Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults: A population-based study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27, 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2721CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, J., Sun, W., Kong, Y., & Wang, C. (2012). Reliability and validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale in 2 special adult samples from rural China. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53, 1243–1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.03.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar