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Nuclear Families in a Nuclear Age: Theorising the Family in 1950s West Germany

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2016

JAMES CHAPPEL
JAMES CHAPPEL*
Affiliation:
Department of History, Duke University, Box 90719, Durham, NC 27708Jgc23@duke.edu
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Abstract

This essay explores the imagination of the family in 1950s West Germany, where the family emerged at the heart of political, economic and moral reconstruction. To uncover the intellectual origins of familialism, the essay presents trans-war intellectual biographies of Franz-Josef Würmeling, Germany's first family minister, and Helmut Schelsky, the most prominent family sociologist of the period. Their stories demonstrate that the new centrality of the family was not a retreat from ideology, as is often argued, but was in fact a reinstatement of interwar ideologies in a new key: social Catholicism in the former case, National Socialism in the latter. These divergent trajectories explain why Würmeling and Schelsky, despite being two central defenders of the family in the 1950s, could not work together. The essay follows their careers into the 1960s, suggesting that the fractious state of familialism in the 1950s helps us to understand its collapse in the face of the sexual revolution.

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Contemporary European History , Volume 26 , Issue 1 , February 2017 , pp. 85 - 109
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

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References

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9 Würmeling later claimed this about himself. Franz-Josef Würmeling, ‘Nach dem Zusammenbruch von 1945’, Nachlaß Würmeling 01-221-002/5, 1; for Mausbach, see Nachlaß Würmeling, 01-221-035.

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18 [illegible] to Würmeling, 10 Jan. 1938; SS-Sturmbannführer [illegible] to Würmeling, 17 Feb. 1938, Nachlaß Würmeling, 01-221-002/1.

19 See, for instance, ‘Aus einer Frau is kein Mann zu machen’, Bonner Rundschau, 289 (13 Dec. 1952).

20 Kuller, Familienpolitik im föderativen Sozialstaat, 85–6.

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23 Würmeling, ‘Nach dem Zusammenbruch von 1945’, 1.

24 Würmeling, ‘Für den Schutz der Familie’, Industrikurier, 6, 162 (27 Oct. 1953), 1.

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26 Würmeling quoted in Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung, ed., Deutschland im Wiederaufbau 1954 (Bonn: Deutscher Bundesverlag, 1954), 341.

27 Niehuss, Familieu, Frau und Gesellschaft, 175.

28 Ibid., 180–1.

29 Kuller, Familienpolitik im föderativen Sozialstaat, 162–4; Neihuss, ‘French and German Family Policy’, 307, on Würmeling's pressure for tax reform.

30 Würmeling, ‘Familienpolitik jenseits von Gruppeninteressen’, Bulletin. Der Presse- und Informationsamtes der Bundesregierung, 81 (5 May 1959), 783–4Google Scholar, here 784.

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33 ‘Was will das Familienministerium?’, speech given in Bonn, 30 Dec. 1953, Nachlaß Würmeling 01-221-013.

34 ‘Aus einer Frau is kein Mann zu machen’.

35 Würmeling was certainly no friend to homosexuals, and he came out strongly in favor of paragraph 175, but his Family Ministry did not make it a priority, perhaps because the Ministry of Justice was prosecuting it so efficiently.

36 While Würmeling did not clarify what he meant, national censorship along these lines was in fact taking place. The Churches reacted to the perceived weakness of the censorship regime by organizing in a nationwide network of film leagues that rated films and served as a highly effective consumer-activism group. As Heide Fehrenbach has shown, the Churches were able to achieve significant and sustained influence over the German film industry, achieving a goal that had eluded them for decades. Fehrenbach, Heide, Cinema in Democratizing Germany: Reconstructing National Identity After Hitler (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995)Google Scholar, ch. 4, 145 for this judgment; for these quotations from Würmeling, and a cogent analysis of this debate more broadly, see Buchloh, Stephan, ‘ Pervers, jugendfährdend, staatsfeindlich’. Zensur in der Ära Adenauer als Spiegel des gesellschaftlichen Klimas (New York: Campus, 2002), 184–91Google Scholar.

37 Würmeling was described as potentially ‘absurd’ in a preview of a Catholic conference on family issues, quoted in Schildt, Axel, Zwischen Abendland und Amerika. Studien zur westdetuschen Ideen-landschaft der 50er Jahre (München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1999), 161 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; on the political controversy he caused, see ‘Konflikt in der Koalition wegen Würmeling’, FAZ, 105 (7 May 1954), 1; ‘Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Familienorganisationen’ to Adenauer, 3 Oct. 1957, Nachlaß Würmeling 01-221-013.

38 ‘Des Papstes Garde’, Der Spiegel, 15 Sept. 1954: 8–15, here 15.

39 See Brückweh, Kerstin et al., eds., Engineering Society: The Role of the Human and Social Sciences in Modern Societies, 1880–1980 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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51 Schelsky, Helmut, Thomas Hobbes. Eine politische Lehre (Berlin: Duncker & Humboldt, 1981), esp. 33–5Google Scholar, 313.

52 Ibid. 28, 47–8.

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66 Schelsky, Wandlungen, 32.

67 Schelsky, Die skeptische Generation. Eine soziologie der deutschen Jugend (Düsseldorf: Eugen Diederichs Verlag, 1957), 220–1Google Scholar. On the constitution and influence of Schelsky's notion of a classless society, see Braun, Hans, ‘Helmut Schelskys Konzept der “nivellierten Mittelstandsgesellschaft” und die Bundesrepublik der 50er Jahre’, Archiv für Sozialgeschichte, 29 (1989), 199–223 Google Scholar.

68 Helmut Schelsky, Soziologie der Sexualität, 75–87, here 75, 86.

69 Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1957), 414 for judgment on Nazism, 408–9 for Schelsky's testimony. On this, see above all Moeller, Robert G., ‘The Homosexual Man Is a “Man”, the Homosexual Woman is a “Woman”: Sex, Society, and the Law in Postwar West Germany’, Journal of the History of Sexuality, 4 (1994), 395–429 Google Scholar.

70 Schelsky, Wandlungen 23–32; on Schmitt and Hauriou, see Bates, David, ‘Political Theology and the Nazi State: Carl Schmitt's Concept of the Institution’, Modern Intellectual History, 3 (2006), 415–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

71 For his example of this form of authority, which he thought Adorno and Horkheimer overlooked, he provided his readers with an example: the natural leaders that come to light in a small military unit. The implication could not be more clear: the Frankfurt sociologists, who had spent the war years in exile while Schelsky fought, could not understand the true nature of authority. Schelsky, Wandlungen, 314–5. Freyer is cited on 316, and the accusation of a paradoxical dogmatism on 327.

72 Schelsky, Wandlungen, 355.

73 Schelsky, Helmut, Ortsbestimmung der deutschen Soziologie (Dusseldorf: Diederichs, 1959)Google Scholar. For a critical and insightful review, see Aron, Raymond, ‘Sociologie allemande sans idéologie?’, Archives européennes de sociologie, 1, 1 (1960), 170–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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75 Schelsky, ‘Der Irrtum eines Familienminißters’, FAZ, 120 (8 June 1954), 6.

76 Schelsky, Soziologie der Sexualität, 56.

77 Kurzprotokoll der 2. Sitzung des Beirates beim Bundesministerium für Familienfragen. 14–15 Dec. 1954. Schelsky's essays are entitled ‘Pflege des Familiengedankens in der Öffentlichkeit’ and ‘Die Staatliche Förderung des Familiengedankens in der Öffentlichkeit [Diskussionsthesen]’. Available in Nachlaß Höffner, HAEK-NH2979. The report proceedings are sporadically and inconsistently paginated.

78 For one major exception, see Horn, Gerd-Rainer, The Spirit of ’68: Rebellion in Western Europe and North America, 1956–1976 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007)Google Scholar.

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80 ZdK – Vollversammlungen, Katholische Deutsche Studenteneinigung, 02.13.03.03.06, 543, Historisches Archiv des Erzbistums Köln. I am grateful to Kimba Allie Tichenor for this citation. For more on this period, and the Church's hard-line sexual politics, see Großbölting, Thomas, Der verlorene Himmel. Glaube in Deutschland seit 1945 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013), 131–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tichenor, Kimba Allie, Religious Crisis and Civic Transformation: How Conflicts over Gender and Sexuality Changed the West German Catholic Church (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2016)Google Scholar.

81 Bösch, Frank, Die Adenauer-CDU. Gründung, Aufstieg ind Krise einer Erfolgspartei, 1945–1969 (München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2001), 351 Google Scholar for Würmeling; Evans, Ellen Lovell, The Cross and the Ballot: Catholic Political Parties in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands, 1785–1985 (Boston, MA: Brill, 1999), 271–2Google Scholar, for the CDU's retreat from confessional education more broadly.

82 Würmeling, ‘Nach dem Zusammenbruch von 1945’, 2.

83 For an overview, see Hareven, Tamara K., ‘The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change’, American Historical Review, 96, 1 (Feb. 1991), 95–124 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

84 Herzog, Sex After Fascism, ch. 4.

85 Helmut Schelsky, Rückblicke eines ‘Anti-Soziologen’ (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1983).

86 These quotations come from ‘Der Fall Schelsky’, an online document collection about the affair put together by the Universitätsarchiv Bielefeld, available at http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/Universitaet/Einrichtungen/Weitere%20Einrichtungen/Universitaetsarchiv/images/Kapitel-8_UABI_Schelsky.pdf (last visited 15 Aug. 2016).