1 Works on German memory and issues of wartime victimhood include Sebald, W. G., On the Natural History of Destruction (Toronto: Knopf, 2003)Google Scholar, and Moeller, Robert, War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Far more controversial are Friedrich, Jörg, Der Brand: Deutschland im Bombenkrieg 1940–1945 (Munich: Propylaeen, 2002)Google Scholar, and Barnouw, Dagmar, The War in the Empty Air: Victims, Perpetrators, and Postwar Germans (Purdue, IN: Indiana University Press, 2005)Google Scholar.

2 Recent German eastern front memoirs include (among others) Grossjohann, Georg, Five Years, Four Fronts: The War Years of Georg Grossjohann (Bedford, PA: Aberjona Press, 1999)Google Scholar; Knappe, Siegfried, Soldat: Reflections of a German Soldier, 1939–1945 (New York: Dell, 1999)Google Scholar; Bidermann, Gotlob, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier's Memoir on the Eastern Front, trans. and ed. Zumbro, Derek S. (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Metelmann, Henry, Through Hell for Hitler: A Dramatic First Hand Account of Fighting with the Wehrmacht (Havertown, PA: Case Mate Books, 2001Google Scholar); Stiebritz, Rudi, Pawn of War (Hartwell, Victoria: Sid Harta Publishers, 2001)Google Scholar; Scheiderbauer, Armin, Adventures of My Youth: A German Soldier on the Eastern Front, 1941–1945 (Solihull: Helion, 2003Google Scholar); Naujoks, Arthur and Eldredge, Michael, Shades of Grey: Memoirs of a Prussian Saint on the Eastern Front (Salt Lake City: Book Surge Publishing, 2005Google Scholar); Koschorrek, Günther, Blood Red Snow: The Memoirs of a German Soldier on the Eastern Front (Osceola, WI: Zenith Press, 2005)Google Scholar; Brooks, Geoffrey, Sniper on the Eastern Front: The Memoirs of Sepp Allerberger, Knight's Cross (Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2005)Google Scholar.

3 Very few published Eastern Front memoirs are based on contemporary journals or diaries. Raus, Erhard, Panzer Operations: The Eastern Front Memoir of General Raus, 1941–1945, trans. Steven Newton (New York: Da Capo, 2003)Google Scholar, is based on reports written soon after the war for the US Army while he was a prisoner of war. Richardson, Horst Fuchs and Showalter, Dennis, eds., Sieg Heil! War Letters of Tank Gunner Karl Fuchs, 1937–1941’ (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1987Google Scholar) is one of very few based on a contemporary diary. A few ‘propaganda’ memoirs appeared during the war itself, including P. A. Eugen Geisler, Unser Weg nach Sewastopol (n.p., 1942); Hans Haferkorn, Ostwärts bis Sewastopol: Mit einer Infantrie-Division in Sowjet-Russland (Munich, 1943); and Hans Joachim Krug, Pioneerzug Niederegger: Eine Geschichte aus dem Ostfeldzug (Berlin, 1942).

4 For the debate regarding the postwar ‘politics of memory’ see, others, among, Herzog, Dagmar, Sex after Fascism. Memory and Morality in Twentieth Century Germany (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005)Google Scholar, and Moeller, Robert, War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 For National Socialism as an ‘ersatz’ religion see Brookes, Roger, ‘Fascism’, in Taylor, Bron and Kaplan, Jeffrey, eds., The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature (New York: Theommes Continum International Publishers, 2003)Google Scholar, and Pois, Robert, National Socialism and the Religion of Nature (London: Croom Helm, 1986)Google Scholar.

6 Voss, Johann, Black Edelweiss: A Memoir of Combat and Conscience by a Soldier of the Waffen-SS (Bedford, PA: Aberjona Press, 2002)Google Scholar articulates the author's recent perception of the folly of Nazi wartime brutality, but whether the author truly felt the same way when actually fighting on the eastern front is impossible to substantiate.

7 Such conclusions shed light on the controversy surrounding Goldhagen's, Daniel thesis in his Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York: Knopf, 1996).Google Scholar

8 The best overview of Hitler's worldview is Eberhard Jäckel, Hitler's Weltanschauung: A Blueprint for Power (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1972).

9 Williamson Murray, The Change in the European Balance of Power, 1938–1939 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).

10 Wark, Wesley, The Ultimate Enemy: British Intelligence and Nazi Germany, 1933–1939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985)Google Scholar. On the disastrous German performance in the uncontested annexation of Austria see Lassner, Alexander, ‘The Invasion of Austria in March 1938: Blitzkrieg or Pfusch?’, in Bishof, Günther and Pelinka, Anton, eds., Contemporary Austrian Studies (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publications, 2000), 447–87.Google Scholar

11 Other valuable interpretations of the origins of the Second World War include Taylor's, A. J. P. controversial The Origins of the Second World War (London: Atheneum, 1961)Google Scholar; Martel, Gordon, ed., The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians, 2ndedn (New York and London: Routledge, 1999)Google Scholar; Adamthwaite, Anthony, The Making of the Second World War, 2ndedn (London: Allen & Unwin, 1979)Google Scholar; Bell, P. M. H., The Origins of the Second World War (New York and London: Longman, 1986)Google Scholar; Marks, Sally, The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918–1933,rev. edn (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rothwell, Victor, Origins of the Second World War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001)Google Scholar.