Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2xdlg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-28T04:41:20.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Unified Theory of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Abstract

Various theories exist concerning the philosophical, biopsychosocial, and anatomic aspects of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The heterogeneous symptomatology of OCD and the complex interaction between the brain as a physical structure and the mind demands a theory fo OCD that recognizes the disorder as a unified emergent property. A unified theory of OCD is proposed, which incorporates the neurochemical, neuroanatomic, and psychatric underpinnings of this disorder, explor the methods by which OCD pathologies impact the neuroanatomic circuits of the brain, and explains how, through its symptmatology, OCD is “communicated” by the mind to the outside world.

Type
Feature Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Yaryura-Tobias, JA, Neziroglu, FA. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Pathogenesis-Diagnosis-Treatment. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1983.Google Scholar
2.Green, A. Obsession et Psychorieur. Obsess. Encyclopedie Medico Chirurgicale. Paris, France: Psychiatrie; 1965.Google Scholar
3.Locke, J. Consciousness. In: Micropedia Encyclopedia Brittanica. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago; 1980:92.Google Scholar
4.MacKay, DM. Mindlike behaviour in artefacts. Br J Phil Sci. 1951;11:105121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Popper, KR, Eccles, JC. The Self and Its Brain—an Argument for Interactionism. Berlin, Germany: Springer International; 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.MacKay, DM. The interdependence of mind and brain. Neuroscience. 1980;5:13891391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Globus, GG. Consciousness and brain. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973;29:153160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Feigl, H. The “Mental” and the “Physical.” Minneapolis, Minn: Minnesota Press; 1967.Google Scholar
9.Gerard, R. The scope of science. Sci Month. 1947;50:496512.Google Scholar
10.Graham, DT. Health, disease, and the mind-body problem: linguistic parallelism. Psychosom Med. 1967;29:5271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Engel, GL. The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137:535544.Google ScholarPubMed
12.Weiss, P. Animal behavior as system reaction: orientation toward light and gravity in the resting postures of butterflies. In: General Systems: Yearbook of the Society for General Systems Research. Vanessa 1925.1959;4:144.Google Scholar
13.von Bertalanffy, L. Chance or law. In: Koestler, A, Symthies, JR, eds. Beyond Reductionism. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Co; 1969.Google Scholar
14.Dismukes, K. What mind-body problem? Behav Brain Sci. 1978;3:351352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Goodman, A. Organic unity theory: the mind-body problem revisited. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:553563.Google ScholarPubMed
16.Yaryura-Tobias, JA. The Integral Being: A New Path to Personal Growth and Meaningful Living. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company; 1987.Google Scholar
17.Schwartz, GE. A systems analysis of psychobiology and behavior therapy. Psychother Psychosom. 1981;36:159184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Schwartz, GE. Testing the biopsychological model: the ultimate challenge facing behavioral medicine? J Consult Clin Psychol. 1982;50:10401053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Bunge, M. Emergence and the mind. Neuroscience. 1977;2:501509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Feigl, H. The mind-body problem in the development of logical empiricism. In: Inquiries and Provocations. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel; 1981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.MacKay, DM. Ourselves and our brains: duality without dualism. Psychoneuroendocrinohgy. 1982;7:285294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Freedman, DX. The search: body, mind, and human purpose. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:858866.Google ScholarPubMed
23.Okasha, A, Raafat, M. Neurophysiologies substrate of obsessive compulsive disorder: an evidence from topographic EEG. Egypt J Psychiatry. 1990;13:97106.Google Scholar
24.Perros, P, Young, ES, Ritson, JJ, Price, GW. Power spectral EEG analysis and EEG variability in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Topogr. 1992;4:187192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Jenike, MA, Brotman, AW. The EEG in obessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1984;45:122124.Google Scholar
26.Aslanov, AS. Correlation between cortical potentials in patients with obsessive neuroses. In: Rusinov, VS, ed. Electrophysiology of the Central Nervous System. B, Haigh, trans. New York, NY: Plenum; 1970:3947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Knolker, U. EEG frequency analyses in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive neuroses. Z Kinder Jugenpsychiatr. 1988;16:180185.Google ScholarPubMed
28.Garber, JH, Ananth, JV, Chiu, LC, Griswold, VJ, Oldendorf, WH. Nuclear magnetic resonance study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146:10011005.Google ScholarPubMed
29.Aylward, EH, Schwartz, J, Machlin, S, Pearlson, G. Bicaudate ratio as a measure of caudate volume on MR images. Am J Neuroradiol. 1991;12:12171222.Google ScholarPubMed
30.Kellner, CH, Jolley, RR, Holgate, RC, et al.Brain MRI in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1991;36:4549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Baxter, LR, Phelps, ME, Mazziotta, JC, et al.Local cerebral glucose metabolic rates in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparison with rates in unipolar depression and in normal controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:211218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Baxter, LR, Saxena, S, Brody, AL, et al.Brain mediation of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms: evidence from functional brain imaging studies in the human and nonhuman primate. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry. 1996;1:3247.Google ScholarPubMed
33.Brody, AL, Saxena, S. Brain imaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence for the involvement of frontal-subcortical circuitry in mediation of symptomatology. CNS Spectrums. 1996;1:2742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.Zohar, J, Insel, T, Berman, K, et al.Anxiety and cerebral blood flow during behavioral challenge: dissociation of central from peripheral and subjective measures. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:505510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Rubin, RT, Villanueva-Meyer, J, Ananth, J, Trajmar, PG, Mena, I. Regional xenon 133 cerebral blood flow and cerebral technetium 99m HMPAO uptake in unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and matched normal control subjects. Determination by high-resolution single-photon emission computed tomography. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:695702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Yaryura-Tobias, JH, Neziroglu, FA. Organicity in obsessive compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1991;29:337.Google Scholar
37.Irle, E, Exner, C, Thielen, K, et al.Obsessive-compulsive disorder and ventromedial frontal lesions: clinical and neuropsychological findings. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:255263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Creasey, H, Rapoport, SI. The aging human brain. Ann Neurol. 1985;17:210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Ramón, Y, Cajal, S. Histology of the nervous system of man and vertebrates. In: History of Neuroscience No. 6. N, Swanson, trans. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1995;1.Google Scholar
40.Bunge, M. El Problema Mente-Crebro: Un Enfoque Psicobiologico. Madrid, Spain: Editoriel Tecnos; 1985.Google Scholar
41.Sherrington, C. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. New York, NY: Scribner's Sons; 1906.Google Scholar
42.Jeffery, KJ, Reid, IC. Modifiable neuronal connections: an overview for psychiatrists. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:156164.Google ScholarPubMed
43.Nauta, WJH, Domesick, UB. Afferent and efferent relationships of the basal ganglia. In: Ciba Foundation Symposium 107. Functions of the Basal Ganglia. London, England: Pitman; 1984:223.Google Scholar
44.Alexander, GE, DeLong, MR, Strick, PL. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1986;9:357381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45.Gastó, C. Modelos neuroanatómicos y cibernéticos. In: Ruiloba, JV, Berrios, GE, eds. Estados Obsesivos. Barcelona, Spain: Masson; 1995:223260.Google Scholar
46.Yaryura-Tobias, JH, Bebirian, RJ, Neziroglu, F, Bhagaban, HN. Obsessive-compulsive disorders as a serotonergic defect. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavior. 1977;2:279286.Google Scholar
47.Yaryura-Tobias, JA, Neziroglu, FA. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Spectrum. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997.Google Scholar
48.MacKay, DM. Selves and brains. Neuroscience. 1978;3:599606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Hoche, AE. Die bedeutung der symptomkomplexe in der psychiatric. Z Ges Neurol Psychiat. 1912;12:540541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50.Wallace, ER. Psychiatry and its nosology: a historical philosophical overview. In: Sadler, JZ, Wiggins, OP, Schwartz, MA, eds. Philosophical Perspectives on Psychiatric Diagnostic Classification. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1994:1686Google Scholar
51.Luys, M. Des obsession pathologique dans leurs rapports avec l'activité automatique des éléments nerveux. Encephale. 1983;3:2061.Google Scholar
52.Hollander, E, Benzaquen, SD. Is there a distinct OCD spectrum? CNS Spectrums. 1996;1:1726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53.Aristóteles. Aristoteles' acht Bucher physik. In: Frantl, K, ed. Aristoteles Werke. Aalen, Scientia; 1978.Google Scholar
54.Griesinger, W. Mental Pathology and Therapeutics (1867). LC, Robertson, J, Rutherford, trans. New York, NY: Hafner Publishing; 1965.Google Scholar
55.Sabelli, HC, Carlson-Sabelli, L. Biological priority and psychological supremecy: a new integrative paradigm derived from process theory. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;142:15411551.Google Scholar