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Brain alterations potentially associated with aggression and terrorism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 August 2017

Bernhard Bogerts ,
Maria Schöne  and
Stephanie Breitschuh
Bernhard Bogerts*
Affiliation:
Salus-Institut, Magdeburg, Germany
Maria Schöne
Affiliation:
Salus-Institut, Magdeburg, Germany
Stephanie Breitschuh
Affiliation:
Salus-Institut, Magdeburg, Germany
*
*Address correspondence to: Bernhard Bogerts, Salus-Institut, Salus gGmbH, Seepark 5, 39116 Magdeburg Germany. (Email: b.bogerts@salus-lsa.de)
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Abstract

A large proportion of the persons who join terrorist groups as well as lone-acting terrorists have a history of violent behavior or mental disorder that predated their becoming terrorists. This suggests that brain alterations found to occur in violent perpetrators may also be present in a significant percentage of terrorists. After a short delineation of phylogenetically old neuronal networks that are important for the generation of aggressive behavior in inconspicuous brains, this review summarizes structural and functional brain-imaging studies in violent offenders published over the last 10 years. Depending on the subtype of violence (impulsive or instrumental), deviations in structure or function were mainly found in the prefrontal, orbitofrontal, and insular cortex, as well as in temporolimbic structures (e.g., the amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampus). These brain areas are essentially responsible for the control of the archaic neuronal generators of aggression located in the hypothalamus and limbic system. This regional distribution of brain alterations also shows a remarkable overlap with those brain regions that are crucial for such prosocial traits as empathy and compassion. Feelings of superiority, dominance, and satisfaction gained by performing violent and terroristic attacks suggest that a hedonistic component via an activation of brain reward systems plays an additional role. In our current debate about the causes of terrorism, aspects of brain dysfunction should receive more attention.

Keywords

Terrorismviolenceneuropathologybrain imaging
Type
Review Articles
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 23 , Special Issue 2: Evil, psychiatry, and terrorism: understanding the roots of evil , April 2018 , pp. 129 - 140
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2017 

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