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Zirconia-Intercalated Kaolinite: Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Metal-Ion Removal Activity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Khaled S. Abou-El-Sherbini Open the ORCID record for Khaled S. Abou-El-Sherbini [Opens in a new window] ,
Mohammed A. Wahba ,
Elsayed A. Drweesh ,
Adel I. M. Akarish ,
Seham A. Shaban  and
Eman A. M. Elzahany
Khaled S. Abou-El-Sherbini*
Affiliation:
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st. (former Eltahrir st.), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
Mohammed A. Wahba
Affiliation:
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st. (former Eltahrir st.), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
Elsayed A. Drweesh
Affiliation:
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st. (former Eltahrir st.), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
Adel I. M. Akarish
Affiliation:
Department of Catalysis, Petroleum Refining Division, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
Seham A. Shaban
Affiliation:
Department of Catalysis, Petroleum Refining Division, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
Eman A. M. Elzahany
Affiliation:
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st. (former Eltahrir st.), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: kh_sherbini@yahoo.com
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Abstract

The intercalation of kaolinite through the insertion of ions or molecules amongst the structural aluminosilicate layers is a vital process in numerous clay-based applications and products. Layer neutrality and hydrogen bonding limits direct intercalation into kaolinite, other than for small molecules. Synthesizing zirconia-intercalated kaolinite is not a straightforward matter. To overcome this barrier, raw Egyptian kaolin (UnK) or its acid-activated product (HK) was sonicated and impregnated in aqueous ZrOCl2·8H2O solution followed by thermal treatment at various temperatures (100, 200, 300, and 500°C). The intercalation process was confirmed using various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The direct intercalation of ZrO2 into the kaolinite layers was observed even through a mild thermal treatment (100, 200, and 300°C). The mechanism of intercalation was suggested to occur by binding ZrO2 to the Si/AlO groups with a preference for the acid-activated HK, causing variable enlargements of the basal spacing and producing very perturbed layers. Interestingly, the surface area increased by 250% as a result of zirconia intercalation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a remarkable improvement in the stacking order of the kaolinite particles. The impact of ZrO2 intercalation into kaolinite also enhanced its adsorption efficiency for Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ ions. Preliminary investigations showed that the zirconia-intercalated HK demonstrated a removal efficiency, which is three times greater than that of pristine HK. The adsorption tendency toward Pb2+ ions was greater than those of Cu2+ and Cd2+ and followed the order: Pb2+ >> Cu2+ > Cd2+. The study suggests that the chemical modification of kaolin by zirconia via a direct intercalation technique, which greatly improves its functionality as demonstrated by the selective sorption of heavy metal ions, is worthy of further study.

Keywords

SorptionHeavy metal ionsIntercalationKaoliniteZirconia
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 69 , Issue 4 , August 2021 , pp. 463 - 476
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2021

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