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XRD, FTIR, and thermal analysis of bauxite ore-processing waste (red mud) exchanged with heavy metals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Paola Castaldi ,
Margherita Silvetti ,
Laura Santona ,
Stefano Enzo  and
Pietro Melis
Paola Castaldi*
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Agrarie e Biotecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Sez. Chimica Agraria ed Ambientale, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
Margherita Silvetti
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Agrarie e Biotecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Sez. Chimica Agraria ed Ambientale, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
Laura Santona
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Agrarie e Biotecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Sez. Chimica Agraria ed Ambientale, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
Stefano Enzo
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
Pietro Melis
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Agrarie e Biotecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Sez. Chimica Agraria ed Ambientale, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
*
* E-mail address of corresponding author: castaldi@uniss.it
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Abstract

The present work shows the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and thermal analysis of untreated (RMnt) and acid-treated red mud (RMa), a bauxite ore-processing waste, exchanged with Pb2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ cations. These studies were performed in order to investigate the changes in the sorbent structure caused by the exchange with metals of different ionic radii.

The XRD pattern of RMnt, analyzed according to the Rietveld method, showed a mixture of eight different phases. However, just three phases made up 78 wt.% of the RMnt: cancrinite (33 wt.%), hematite (29 wt.%), and sodalite (16 wt.%). X-ray diffraction patterns of RMnt exchanged with Pb2+ and Cd2+ cations revealed two additional phases, namely hydrocerussite [Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 (10 wt.%))] and octavite [CdCO3 (8 wt.%)].

These two phases probably originated from the carbonate precipitation processes which were due to the decarbonation of cancrinite. Hydrocerussite and octavite were not found in the case of acid-treated red mud samples.

In the FTIR spectra, the introduction of cations caused a distinct shift to higher wavenumbers in the peak at ∼1100 cm−1, which is attributed to the asymmetric stretch of Si-O-Al. This effect may be associated with the Pb2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ adsorbed by the red muds which caused a deformation of the initial structure.

Thermal analysis data of the red mud samples were obtained by thermogravimetric/differential thermogravimetric analysis, and these methods were employed to evaluate the desorption behavior of water and to clarify the thermal stability of the chemical phases of the different red mud samples. The loss of metal-bound water in the red mud samples was found to depend on the size of non-framework cations and water loss consistently followed the order: Zn2+>Cd2+>Pb2+.

Keywords

CancriniteCations of Pb2+Cd2+Zn2+HydrocerussiteOctaviteRed mudsSodalite
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 56 , Issue 4 , August 2008 , pp. 461 - 469
Copyright
Copyright © 2008, The Clay Minerals Society

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