Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-lrf7s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-28T11:57:37.493Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Periodic and Nonperiodic Stacking in Biotite from the Bingham Canyon Porphyry Copper Deposit, Utah

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Huifang Xu  and
David R. Veblen
Huifang Xu*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
David R. Veblen
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
*
*Present address: Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Phone: (602) 965-7250, FAX: (602) 965-8102.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Fine-grained biotite crystals within primary actinolite from a quartz monzonite body of the Bingham Canyon porphyry copper deposit, Utah, consist of 1M, 5M1, and 1Md polytype structures. HRTEM images directly show the stacking sequences of ordered biotite polytypes, stacking faults in ordered polytypes, and stacking sequences in disordered polytypes, if the stacking vectors for the 2:1 layers involve only 0° and ± 120° rotations. The most common type of stacking fault in the 1M biotite is a layer with −120° rotation, followed by a layer with +120° rotation, which corresponds to one unit cell of the 2M1 polytype inserted in the 1M structure. Disordered (or semi-random) biotite is composed primarily of thin domains of the 1M and 2M1 polytypes, with stacking faults. The structure of a new 5-layer (5M1) polytype has been determined from SAED and HRTEM results. The stacking sequence of the polytype is [02022].

A model of structural oscillation among 1M, 2M1, and 3T structural states is proposed to interpret nonperiodic stacking sequences in biotite crystals formed during non-equilibrium crystallization. The model also provides qualitative insights into the structure of complex long-period polytypes and may help to explain intergrowths of ordered and disordered polytypes that form during crystallization far from the equilibrium state.

Keywords

5-Layer mica polytypesBiotiteTransmission electron microscopyStructural oscillation
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 43 , Issue 2 , April 1995 , pp. 159 - 173
Copyright
Copyright © 1995, The Clay Minerals Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amouric, M., Mercuriot, G., and Baronnet, A. 1981 . On computed and observed HRTEM images of perfect mica polytypes. Bulletin de Minéralogie 104: 298–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amouric, M., and Baronnet, A. 1983 . Effect of early nucleation conditions on synthetic muscovite polytypism as seen by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 9: 146–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S. W., Frank-Kamenetskii, V. A., Goldstaub, S., Kato, A., Pabst, A., Schultz, H., Taylor, H. F. W., Fleisher, M., and Wilson, A. J. C. 1977 . Report of the IMA-IUCr joint committee on nomenclature. Acta Crystall. A33: 681–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S. W., 1984. Crystal chemistry of the true micas. In “Micas,” Reviews in Mineralogy. Bailey, S. W., ed. Washington, D.C.: Mineral Society of America, Vol. 13: 13–60.Google Scholar
Bailey, S. W., 1988. X-ray identification of the polytypes of mica, serpentine, and chlorite. Clays & Clay Miner. 36: 193–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, G. L., and Gollub, J. P. 1990 . Chaotic Dynamics: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 182 pp.Google Scholar
Baronnet, A., 1975. Growth spirals and complex polytypism in micas. I. Polytypic structure generation. Acta Crystallog. A31: 345–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baronnet, A., 1982. Ostwald ripening in solution, the case of calcite and mica. Estudios Geologicos 38: 185–198.Google Scholar
Baronnet, A., and Kang, Z. C. 1989 . About the origin of mica polytypes. Phase Transitions 16/17: 477–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baronnet, A., 1992. Polytypism and stacking disorder. In “Minerals and Reactions at the Atomic Scale: Transmission Electron Microscopy,” Buseck, P. R., ed. Reviews in Mineralogy. Washington, D.C.: Mineral Society of America, Vol. 22, 231–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, J. R., Parry, W. T., Kropp, W. P., and Kruer, S. A. 1987 . Chemical and isotopic evolution of hydrothermal solutions at Bingham Utah. Econ. Geol. 82: 395–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gjonnes, J., and Moodie, A. F. 1965 . Extinction conditions in the dynamic theory of electron diffraction. Acta Crystallog. 19: 65–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hao, B.-L., 1984. Chaos. Singapore: World Scientific, 576 pp.Google Scholar
Hazen, R. M., and Burnham, C. W. 1973 . The crystal structures of one-layer phlogopite and annite. Amer. Miner. q ww 58: 889–900.Google Scholar
Iijima, S., and Buseck, P. R. 1978 . Experimental study of disordered mica structures by high-resolution electron microscopy. Acta Crystallog. A34: 709–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livi, K. J. T., and Veblen, D. R., 1987. “Eastonite” from Easton, Pennsylvania: A mixture of phlogopite and a new form of serpentine. Amer. Miner. 72: 113–125.Google Scholar
Ross, M., Takeda, M., and Wones, D. R. 1966 . Mica polytypism: Description and identification. Science 151: 191–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, J. V., and Yoder, H. S. Jr. 1956 . Experimental and theoretical studies of the mica polymorphs. Mineral. Mag. 69: 252–263.Google Scholar
Takeda, H., 1968. PTST (a FORTRAN program calculating periodic intensity distributions of mica polytypes). Personal communication, 1991.Google Scholar
Takeda, H., and Ross, M. 1975 . Mica polytypism: Dissimilarities in the crystal structures of coexisting 1M and 2M, biotite. Amer. Miner. 60: 1030–1040.Google Scholar
Vand, V., and Hanoka, J. I. 1967 . Epitaxial theory of polytypism. Observations of the growth of PbI2 crystals. Materials Research Bulletin 2: 241–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veblen, D. R., 1981. Non-classical pyriboles and polysomatic reactions in biopyriboles. In “Amphiboles and Other Pyriboles—Mineralogy,” Veblen, D. R., ed. Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 9A: 189–236, Washington, D.C.: MSA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veblen, D. R., 1985. Direct TEM imaging of complex structures and defects in silicates. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 13: 119–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veblen, D. R., and Bish, D. L. 1988 . TEM and X-ray study of orthopyroxene megacrysts: Microstructures and crystal chemistry. Amer. Miner. 73: 677–691.Google Scholar
Verma, A. R., and Krishna, P. 1966 . Polymorphism and Polytypism in Crystals. Wiley, New York, 83 pp.Google Scholar
Vignoles, G. L., 1992. Atomic relaxation and dynamical generation of ordered and disordered CVI SiC polytypes. J. Crystal Growth 118: 430–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar