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Dissolution Rates of Allophane With Variable Fe Contents: Implications for Aqueous Alteration and the Preservation of X-Ray Amorphous Materials on Mars

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

S. J. Ralston Open the ORCID record for S. J. Ralston [Opens in a new window] ,
Elisabeth M. Hausrath ,
Oliver Tschauner ,
Elizabeth Rampe ,
Tanya S. Peretyazhko ,
Roy Christoffersen ,
Chris Defelice  and
Hyejeong Lee
S. J. Ralston*
Affiliation:
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA Jacobs, NASA Johnson Space Center, Mail Code XI3, Houston, TX 77058, USA
Elisabeth M. Hausrath
Affiliation:
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
Oliver Tschauner
Affiliation:
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
Elizabeth Rampe
Affiliation:
NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
Tanya S. Peretyazhko
Affiliation:
Jacobs, NASA Johnson Space Center, Mail Code XI3, Houston, TX 77058, USA
Roy Christoffersen
Affiliation:
Jacobs, NASA Johnson Space Center, Mail Code XI3, Houston, TX 77058, USA
Chris Defelice
Affiliation:
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
Hyejeong Lee
Affiliation:
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: silas.ralston@nasa.gov
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Abstract

Recent measurements from Mars document X-ray amorphous/nano-crystalline materials in multiple locations across the planet. Despite their prevalence, however, little is known about these materials or what their presence implies for the history of Mars. The X-ray amorphous component of the martian soil in Gale crater has an X-ray diffraction pattern that can be fit partially with allophane (approximately Al2O3⋅(SiO2)1.3–2⋅(H2O)2.5–3), and the low-temperature water-release data are consistent with allophane. The chemical data from Gale crater suggest that other silicate materials similar to allophane, such as Fe-substituted allophane (approximately (Fe2O3)0.01–0.5(Al2O3)0.5–0.99⋅(SiO2)2⋅3H2O), may also be present. In order to investigate the properties of these potential poorly crystalline components of the martian soil, Fe-free allophane (Fe:Al = 0), Fe-poor allophane (Fe:Al = 1:99), and Fe-rich allophane (Fe:Al = 1:1) were synthesized and then characterized using electron microscopy and Mars-relevant techniques, including infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and evolved gas analysis. Dissolution experiments were performed under acidic (initial pH values pH0 = 3.01, pH0 = 5.04), near-neutral (pH0 = 6.99), and alkaline (pH0 = 10.4) conditions in order to determine dissolution kinetics and alteration phases for these poorly crystalline materials. Dissolution rates (rdiss), based on the rate of Si release into solution, show that these poorly crystalline materials dissolve approximately an order of magnitude faster than crystalline phases with similar compositions at all pH conditions. For Fe-free allophane, logrdiss = –10.65–0.15 × pH; for Fe-poor allophane, logrdiss = –10.35–0.22 × pH; and for Fe-rich allophane, logrdiss = –11.46–0.042 × pH at 25°C, where rdiss has the units of mol m–2 s–1. The formation of incipient phyllosilicate-like phases was detected in Fe-free and Fe-rich allophane reacted in aqueous solutions with pH0 = 10.4 (steady-state pH ≈ 8). Mars-analog instrument analyses demonstrate that Fe-free allophane, Fe-poor allophane, and Fe-rich allophane are appropriate analogs for silicate phases in the martian amorphous soil component. Therefore, similar materials on Mars must have had limited interaction with liquid water since their formation. Combined with chemical changes expected from weathering, such as phyllosilicate formation, the rapid alteration of these poorly crystalline materials may be a useful tool for evaluating the extent of aqueous alteration in returned samples of martian soils.

Keywords

AllophaneAmorphous phasesKineticsMarsMineral dissolutionWeatheringXRD
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 69 , Issue 2 , April 2021 , pp. 263 - 288
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2021

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