Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-m8s7h Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-20T06:48:24.672Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Iron Mineralogy and Magnetic Susceptibility of Soils Developed on Various Rocks in Western Iran

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Shamsollah Ayoubi  and
Vali Adman
Shamsollah Ayoubi*
Affiliation:
Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
Vali Adman
Affiliation:
Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: ayoubi@cc.iut.ac.ir
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The characterization of magnetic minerals and the relationship of these minerals to the magnetic susceptibility of soils that have developed on various parent materials can provide valuable information to various disciplines, such as soil evolution and environmental science. The aim of the study reported here was to investigate variations in the magnetic susceptibility (χ) of soils in western Iran due to differences in lithology and to examine the relationship of χ to ferrimagnetic minerals. Eighty samples were collected from eight parent materials taken from both intact rocks and associated soils. The soil parent materials included a range of igneous and sedimentary rocks, such as ultrabasic rocks (Eocene), basalt (Eocene), andesite (Eocene), limestone (Permian), shale (Cretaceous), marl (Cretaceous), and the Qom formation (partially consolidated fine evaporative materials, early Miocene). The 80 samples were analyzed for χ using a dual-frequency magnetic sensor and for mineralogy using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The highest χ values were found in the ultrabasic rocks and associated soils, while the lowest χ values were observed in the limestone rocks and associated soils. The pedogenic processes significantly enhanced the χ values of soils developed on the sedimentary rocks due to the formation of ferrimagnetic minerals. In contrast, χ values decreased as a result of pedogenic processes in soils developed on igneous rocks due to the dilution effects of diamagnetic materials, such as halite, calcite, phyllosilicates, and organic matter. The significant positive correlation between the XRD peak intensity of the maghemite/magnetite particles and χ values confirmed that χ values in soils are largely controlled by the distribution and content of ferrimagnetic minerals. These results show that χ measurements can be used to quantify low concentrations of ferrimagnetic minerals in the soils of semiarid regions.

Keywords

Ferrimagnetic mineralsMaghemiteMagnetic susceptibilitySoil developmentX-ray diffraction
Type
Original Paper
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 67 , Issue 3 , June 2019 , pp. 217 - 227
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Asgari, N., Ayoubi, S., & Dematte, J. A. M. (2018). Soil drainage assessment by magnetic susceptibility measures in western Iran. Geoderma Regional, 13, 35–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aydin, A., Ferre, C., & Aslan, Z..(2007). The magnetic susceptibility of granitic rocks as a proxy for geochemical composition: Example from the Saruhan granitoids, NE Turkey. Tectonophysics, 441, 85–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayoubi, S., & Karami, M. (2019). Pedotransfer functions for predicting heavy metals in natural soils using magnetic measures and soil properties. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 197, 212–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayoubi, S., & Mirsaidi, A. (2019). Magnetic susceptibility of Entisols and Aridisols great groups in southeastern Iran. Geoderma Regional, 16, e00202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayoubi, S., Ahmadi, M., Abdi, M.R., & Abbaszadeh Afshar, F. (2012). Relationships of 137Cs inventory with magnetic measures of calcareous soils of hilly region in Iran. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 112, 45–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayoubi, S., Adman, V., & Yousefifard, M. (2018). Use of magnetic susceptibility to assess metals concentration in soils developed on a range of parent materials. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 168, 138–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, C.A., Evans, D.D., White, J.L., Ensminger, L.E., and Clark, F.E., (Eds.) (1965). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Agronomy Monograph No. 9, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blundell, A., Dearing, J.A., Boyle, J.F., & Hannam, J.A. (2009). Controlling factors for the spatial variability of soil magnetic susceptibility across England and Wales. Earth Science Reviews, 95, 158–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabello, E., Morales, M.P., Serna, C.J., Barron, V., & Torrent, J. (2009). Magnetic enhancement during the crystallization of ferrihydrite at 25 and 50°C. Clays and Clay Minerals, 57, 46–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, L., & Schwertmann, U. (1981). Natural ferrihydrites in surface deposits from Finland and their association with silica. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45, 421–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cervi, E.C., da costa, A.C.S., & deSouva Junior, I.G. (2014). Magnetic susceptibility and the spatial variability of heavy metal in soils developed on basalt. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 111, 377–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dankoub, Z., Ayoubi, S., Khademi, H., & Lu, S.G. (2012). Spatial distribution of magnetic properties and selected heavy metals in calcareous soils as affected by land use in the Isfahan region, Central Iran. Pedosphere, 22, 33–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
da Costa, A.C.S., Bigham, J.M., Rhoton, F.E., & Traina, S.J. (1999). Quantification and characterization of maghemite in soils derived from volcanic rocks in southern Brazil. Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 466–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Jong, E., Kozak, L.M., & Rostat, H.P.W. (1999). Effects of parent materials and climate on the magnetic susceptibility of Saskatchewan soils. Journal Soil Science, 80, 135–142.Google Scholar
de Jong, E., Heck, R.J., & Ponamarenko, E. V. (2005). Magnetic susceptibility of soil separates of gleysolic and chernozemic soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 85, 233–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dearing, J. (1994). Environmental Magnetic Susceptibility. Using the Bartington MS2 system. Chi Publishing, Kenilworth, UK.Google Scholar
Dearing, J.A. (1999). Environmental Magnetic Susceptibility. Using the Bartington MS2 system (2nd edition). Chi Publishing, Kenilworth, UK.Google Scholar
Dearing, J.A., Hay, K.L., Baban, S.M.J., Huddleston, A.S., Wellington, E.M.H., & Loveland, P. J. (1996). Magnetic susceptibility of soil: An evaluation of conflicting theories using a national data set. Geophysics Journal International, 127, 728–734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gee, G.W., & Bauder, J.W. (1986). Particle-size analysis. In: A. Klute (ed.), Methods of soil analysis (pp. 383–409). Part 1, 2nd edn., Agronomy Monograph No. 9., ASA and SSSA, Madison.Google Scholar
Grimley, D.A., & Vepraskas, M.J. (2000). Magnetic susceptibility for use in delineating hydric soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64, 2174–2180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimley, D.A., Arruda, N.K., & Bramstedt, M.W. (2004). Using magnetic susceptibility to facilitate more rapid, reproducible and precise delineation of hydric soils in the Midwestern USA. Catena, 58, 183–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grogan, K.L., Gilkes, R.J., & Lottermoser, B.G. (2003). Maghemite formation in burnt plant litter at East Trinity, North Queensland, Australia. Clays and Clay Minerals., 51, 390–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, X.F., Su, Y., Ye, R., Li, X. Q., & Zhang, G.L. (2007). Magnetic properties of the urban soils in Shanghai and their environmental implications. Catena, 70, 428–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordanova, N., Jordanova, D., & Tsacheva, T. (2008). Application of magnetometry for delineation of anthropogenic pollution in areas covered by various soil types. Geoderma, 144, 557–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karimi, R., Ayoubi, S., Jalalian, A., Sheikh-Hosseini, A.R., & Afyuni, M. (2011). Relationships between magnetic susceptibility and heavy metals in urban topsoils in the arid region of Isfahan, Central Iran. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 74, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karimi, A., Haghnia, G. H., Ayoubi, S., & Safari, T. (2017). Impacts of geology and land use on magnetic susceptibility and selected heavy metals in surface soils of Mashhad plain, northeastern Iran. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 138, 127–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Borgne, E. (1955). Susceptibility magnetique anomale du sol superficial. Annales de Geophysique, 11, 399–419.Google Scholar
Lu, S. (2000). Lithological factors affecting magnetic susceptibility of subtropical soils, Zhejiang Province, China. Catena, 40, 359–373.Google Scholar
Lu, S.G., & Bai, S.Q., (2006). Study on the correlation of magnetic properties and heavy metalscontent in urban soils of Hangzhou City, China. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 60, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, S.G., Xue, Q.F., Zhu, L., & Yu, J.Y. (2008a). Mineral magnetic properties of weathering sequence of soil derived from basalt in eastern China. Catena, 73, 23–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, S.G., Bai, S.Q., & Fu, L.X. (2008b). Magnetic properties as indicators of Cu and Zn contamination in soils. Pedosphere, 18, 479–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maher, B.A. (1998). Magnetic properties of modern soils and quaternary loessic paleosols: Paleoclimatic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 137, 25–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maher, B.A., & Thompson, R. (1995). Paleorainfall reconstructions from pedogenic magnetic susceptibility variations in the Chinese loess and paleosols. Quaternary Research, 44, 383–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marwick, B. (2005). Element concentrations and magnetic susceptibility of anthrosols: Indicators of prehistoric human occupation in the inland Pilbara, Western Australia. Journal of Archeology Science, 32, 1357–1368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathe, V., & Leveque, F. (2003). High resolution magnetic survey for soil monitoring: Detection of drainage and soil tillage effects. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 212, 241–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokhtari Karchegani, P., Ayoubi, S., Lu, S.G., & Honarju, N. (2011). Use of magnetic measures to assess soil redistribution following deforestation in hilly region. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 75, 227–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mooney, H.M., & Bleifuss, R. (1953). Magnetic susceptibility measurements in Minnesota. Part II: Analysis of field results. Geophysics, 18, 383–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullins, C.E. (1977). Magnetic susceptibility of the soil and its significancein soil sciencea review. Journal of Soil Science, 28, 223–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naimi, S., & Ayoubi, S. (2013). Vertical and horizontal distribution of magnetic susceptibility and metal contents in an industrial district of Central Iran. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 96, 55–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, D.W., & Sommers, L.E. (1982). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., & Keeney, D.R. (eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis (Vol. 2, pp. 539–579). Part I: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Ng, S.L., Chan, L.S., Lam, K.C., & Wing, K.C. (2003). Heavy metal contents and magnetic properties of playground dust in Hong Kong. Environment Monitoring Assessment, 89, 221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rahardjo, H., Aung, K.K., Leong, E.C., & Rezaur, R.B. (2004). Characteristics of residual soils in Singapore as formed by weathering. Engineering Geology, 73, 157–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahimi, M.R., Ayoubi, S., & Abdi, M.R. (2013). Magnetic susceptibility and Cs-137 inventory as influenced by land use change and slope position in a hilly, semiarid region of west-Central Iran. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 89, 68–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranganai, R.T., Moidaki, M., & King, J.G. (2015). Magnetic susceptibility ofsoils from eastern Botswana: A reconnaissance survey and potential applications. Journal of Geography and Geology, 7, 45–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhoades, J.D. (1982). Soluble salts. In: A.L. Page (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis (pp. 167–179). Part II, 2nd ed., Agronomy Monograph No. 9., ASA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.Google Scholar
Sarmast, M., Farpoor, M.H., & Boroujeni, E.I. (2017). Soil and desert varnish development as indicators of landform evolution in central Iranian deserts. Catena, 149, 98–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soil Survey Staff. (2014). Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 12th edition, USA: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Spassov, S., Egli, R., Heller, F., Nourgaliev, D., & Hannam, J. (2004). Magnetic quantification of urban pollution sources in atmospheric particulate matter. Geophysics Journal International, 159, 555–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swan, A.R.H., & Sandilands, M. (1995). Introduction to Geological Data Analysis. Blackwell Science, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.Google Scholar
Tazikeh, H., Khormali, F., Amini, A., Barani Motlagh, M., & Ayoubi, S. (2017). Soil-parent material relationship in a mountainous arid area of Kopet Dagh basin, north East Iran. Catena, 152, 252–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valaee, M., Ayoubi, S., Khormali, F., Lu, S.G., & Karimzadeh, H.R. (2016). Using magnetic susceptibility to discriminate between soil moisture regimes in selected loess and loess-like soils in northern Iran. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 127, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitting, L.D., & Allardice, W.R., (1986) X-ray diffraction techniques, In: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part I. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd Edn. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.Google Scholar
Yousefifard, M. (2012). Evolution of Soils Developed on some Igneous Rocks in northwestern Iran. PhD thesis, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan University, Iran.Google Scholar
Yousefifard, M., Ayoubi, S., Jalalian, A., Khademi, H., & Makkizadeh, M. A. (2012). Mass balance of major elements in relation to weathering in soils developed on Igneous Rocks in a Semiarid Region, Northwestern Iran. Journal of Mountain Science, 9, 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-012-2208-x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar