Hostname: page-component-6d856f89d9-jrqft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T05:16:12.535Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) Study of Stacking Irregularity in Fe-Rich Chlorite From Selected Hydrothermal Ore Deposits

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Sayako Inoué  and
Toshihiro Kogure
Sayako Inoué*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Toshihiro Kogure
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: inouesayako@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The structures of Fe-rich chlorite and berthierine and the formation mechanisms of 7 Å–14 Å interstratified minerals were not previously fully understood owing to the difficulties in analyzing them by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The present study characterizes Fe-rich chlorites in quartz veins of epithermal to xenothermal vein-type ore deposits without later structural modifications, based on high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) along with XRD examination and chemical analysis. Samples have a wide range of Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios from 0.38 to 0.98 and tetrahedral Al substitution for Si from 0.94 to 1.44 atoms per formula unit (apfu). The variation in Fe content nearly parallels the tetrahedral Al content. The formation temperatures estimated by chlorite geothermometry range from 190°C to 320°C. In HRTEM, most of the samples showed interstratification between 7 Å, 14 Å, and/or (in some samples) smectite layers. Chlorites with relatively low Fe contents (Fe/(Fe+Mg) ≈ 0.4) were characterized by mostly 14 Å periodicity with the polytype IIbb. In contrast, interstratification of 7 Å and 14 Å layers predominated with increasing Fe content and the proportion of 7 Å layers exceeds 80% in Fe-rich samples with Fe/(Fe+Mg) > 0.9. The 7 Å component layer approximated Fe-rich berthierine based on the chemical composition. Layer stacking structures in the Fe-rich samples were complex, and characterized by disorder of 7 Å and 14 Å layers, differences in the polarity of the tetrahedral sheets, variations of the slant of the octahedral sheets, and positional disorder between octahedral and tetrahedral sheets involving the hydrogen bonding, as indicated from HRTEM observations along the Yi directions of the phyllosilicates. The complex stacking structures observed in Fe-rich samples suggest that irregularity was controlled by neither the Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio nor the formation temperature; stacking was controlled by kinetic factors in the process of mineral precipitation under disequilibrium conditions.

Keywords

BerthierineChloriteHRTEMPolytypismSerpentine-Chlorite Interstratified Mineral
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 64 , Issue 2 , April 2016 , pp. 131 - 144
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bailey, S.W. and Brown, G., 1962 Chlorite polytypism: I Regular and semirandom one-layer structures. American Mineralogist 47 819–850.Google Scholar
Bailey, S.W., 1969 Polytypism of trioctahedral 1:1 layer silicates Clays and Clay Minerals 17 355–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W., Bailey, S.W., 1988 Chlorites: Structures and crystal chemistry Hydrous Phyllosilcates (Exclusive of Micas) Virginia, USA Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly 347–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W., Bailey, S.W., 1988 Structures and compositions of other trioctahedral 1: 1 phyllosilicates Hydrous Phyllosilcates (Exclusive of Micas) Virginia, USA Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly 169–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banfield, J.F. and Bailey, S.W., 1996 Formation of regularly interstratified serpentine-chlorite minerals by tetrahedral inversion in long-period serpentine polytypes American Mineralogist 81 79–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baronnet, A., Buseck, P.R., 1992 Polytypism and stacking disorder Minerals and Reactions at the Atomic Scale: Transmission Electron Microscopy Virginia, USA Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly 231–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaufort, D. Baronnet, A. Lanson, B. and Meunier, A., 1997 Corrensite: A single phase or a mixed-layer phyllosilicate in the saponite-to-chlorite conversion series? A case study of Sancerre-Couy deep drill hole (France) American Mineralogist 82 109–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billault, V. Beaufort, D. Baronnet, A. and Lacharpagne, J. C., 2003 A nanopetrographic and textural study of graincoating chlorites in sandstone reservoirs Clay Minerals 38 315–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanc, P. Gailhanou, H. Rogez, J. Mikaelian, G. Kawaji, H. Warmont, F. Gaboreau, S. Grangeon, S. Grenèche, J. M. Vieillard, P. Fialips, C. Giffaut, E. Gaucher, E. and Claret, F., 2014 Thermodynamic properties of chlorite and berthierine derived from calorimetric measurements Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 41 603–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdelle, F. Benzerara, K. Beyssac, O. Cosmidis, J. Neuville, D. R. Brown, G.E. and Paineau, E., 2013 Quantification of the ferric/ferrous iron ratio in silicates by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy at the Fe L2,3 edges Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 166 423–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G.W., 1982 Chemical-compositions of berthierines — a review Clays and Clay Minerals 30 153–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buddington, A.F., 1935 High-temperature mineral associations at shallow to moderate depths Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists 30 205–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassagnabère, A. (1998) Characterization and interpretation of kaolinite-to-dickite transition in Froy and Rind hydrocarbons reservoirs (North Sea, Norway). PhD Thesis, University of Poitiers, France, 237 pp.Google Scholar
Chernosky, J.V. Berman, R.G. Bryndzia, L.T., Bailey, S.W., 1988 Stability, phase relations, and thermodynamic properties of chlorite and serpentine group minerals Hydrous Phyllosilcates (Exclusive of Micas) Virginia, USA Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly 295–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, M.D., 1962 Interpretation of the composition and a classification of the chlorites U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 414-A 1–33.Google Scholar
Gregory, M.R. and Johnston, K.A., 1987 A nontoxic substitute for hazardous heavy liquids — aqueous sodium polytungstate (3Na2WO4·9WO3·H2O) solution (Note) New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 30 317–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillier, S., 1993 Origin, diagenesis, and mineralogy of chlorite minerals in Devonian lacustrine mudrocks, Orcadian Basin, Scotland Clays and Clay Minerals 41 240–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornibrook, E.R. and Longstaffe, F.J., 1996 Berthierine from the Lower Cretaceous Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada Clays and Clay Minerals 44 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iijima, A. and Matsumoto, R., 1982 Berthierine and chamosite in coal measures of Japan Clays and Clay Minerals 30 264–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imai, H. Lee, M.S. Iida, K. Fujiki, Y. and Takenouchi, S., 1975 Geologic structure and mineralization of the xenothermal vein-type deposits in Japan Economic Geology 70 647–676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. Meunier, A. Patrier-Mas, P. Rigault, C. Beaufort, D. and Vieillard, P., 2009 Application of chemical geothermometry to low-temperature trioctahedral chlorites Clays and Clay Minerals 57 371–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. Kurokawa, K. and Hatta, T., 2010 Application of chlorite geothermometry to hydrothermal alteration in Toyoha geothermal system, southwestern Hokkaido, Japan Resource Geology 60 52–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. Kurokawa, K. and Nitta, M., 2012 Environment of mineral-fluid interactions in the Toyoha hydrothermal system, southwestern Hokkaido, Japan Clay Science 16 59–81.Google Scholar
Jahren, J. and Aagaard, P., 1989 Compositional variations in diagenetic chlorites and illites, and relationships with formation*water chemistry Clay Minerals 24 157–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, W.T. Peacor, D.R. and Slack, J.F., 1992 Microstructures, mixed layering, and polymorphism of chlorite and retrograde berthierine in the Kidd Creek massive sulfide deposit, Ontario Clays and Clay Minerals 40 501–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilaas, R., 1998 Optimal and near-optimal filters in highresolution electron microscopy Journal of Microscopy 190 45–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kogure, T. and Banfield, J. F., 1998 Direct identification of the six polytypes of chlorite characterized by semi-random stacking American Mineralogist 83 925–930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kogure, T. Hybler, J. and Durovic, S., 2001 A HRTEM study of cronstedtite: determination of polytypes and layer polarity in trioctahedral 1:1 phyllosilicates Clays and Clay Minerals 49 310–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kogure, T. Drits, V.A. and Inoue, S., 2013 Structure of mixed-layer corrensite-chlorite revealed by high-resolution transmission electron microcopy (HRTEM) American Mineralogist 98 1253–1260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, L.D., 1996 Wiener-filter enhancement of noisy HREM images Ultramicroscopy 62 43–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meunier, A., 2005 Clays Berlin Springer 472.Google Scholar
Moore, D.M. and Reynolds, R.C., 1989 X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals New York Oxford University Press 332.Google Scholar
Mosser-Ruck, R. Cathelineau, M. Guillaume, D. Charpentier, D. Rousset, D. Barres, O. and Michau, N., 2010 Effects of temperature, pH, and iron/clay and liquid/clay ratios on experimental conversion of dioctahedral smectite to berthierine, chlorite, vermiculite, or saponite Clays and Clay Minerals 58 280–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murakami, T. Sato, T. and Inoue, A., 1999 HRTEM evidence for the process and mechanism of saponite-to-chlorite conversion through corrensite American Mineralogist 84 1080–1087.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, T., Tatsumi, T., 1970 Mineral zoning and characteristic minerals in the polymetallic veins of the Ashio copper mine Volcanism and Ore Genesis Tokyo University of Tokyo Press 231–246.Google Scholar
Parra, T. and Vidal, O ^T, 2005 Experimental data on the Tschermak substitution in Fe-chlorite American Mineralogist 90 359–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R., Bailey, S.W., 1988 Mixed layer chlorite minerals Hydrous Phyllosilcates (Exclusive of Micas) Virginia, USA Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly 601–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Distefano, M.P. and Lahann, R.W., 1992 Randomly interstratified serpentine/chlorite: Its detection and quantification by powder X-ray diffraction methods Clays and Clay Minerals 40 262–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shikazono, N., 2003 Geochemical and Tectonic Evolution of Arc-Backarc Hydrothermal Systems: Implication for the Origin of Kuroko and Epithermal Vein-type Mineralizations and the Global Geochemical Cycle Amsterdam Elsevier 463.Google Scholar
Shirozu, H., Sudo, T. and Shimoda, S., 1978 Chlorite minerals Clays and Clay Minerals of Japan 243–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shirozu, H. and Bailey, S.W., 1965 Chlorite polytypism: III Crystal structure of an orthohexagnal iron chlorite. American Mineralogist 50 868–885.Google Scholar
Slack, J.F. and Coad, P.R., 1989 Multiple hydrothermal and metamorphic events in the Kidd Creek volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit, Timmins, Ontario: Evidence from tourmalines and chlorites Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26 694–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slack, J.F. Jiang, W.T. Peacor, D.R. and Okita, P.M., 1992 Hydrothermal and metamorphic berthierine from the Kidd Creek volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Timmins, Ontario The Canadian Mineralogist 30 1127–1142.Google Scholar
Velde, B., 1985 Clay Minerals: A Physico-Chemical Explanation of their Occurrence Amsterdam Elsevier 427.Google Scholar
Vidal, O. Parra, T. and Vieillard, P., 2005 Thermodynamic properties of the Tschermak solid solution in Fe-chlorite: Application to natural examples and possible role of oxidation American Mineralogist 90 347–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, H.F. and Veblen, D.R., 1996 Interstratification and other reaction microstructures in the chlorite-berthierine series Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 124 291–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar