Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-nwzlb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T08:57:55.970Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Occurrence of anatase in reworking altered ash beds (K-bentonites and tonsteins) and discrimination of source magmas: a case study of terrestrial Permian–Triassic boundary successions in China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2021

Hanlie Hong*
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, China
Xiaoxue Jin
Affiliation:
School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, China
Miao Wan
Affiliation:
School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
Kaipeng Ji
Affiliation:
School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, China
Chen Liu
Affiliation:
School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, China
Thomas J. Algeo
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH45221-0013, USA
Qian Fang
Affiliation:
School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, China
*

Abstract

Potential secondary influences on titanium distribution should be evaluated when using ash beds as volcanic source indicators and for correlation purposes. In this study, well-correlated altered ash beds in Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB) successions of various facies in South China were investigated to better understand their use in source discrimination and stratigraphic correlation. The ash beds deposited in lacustrine and paludal facies contain significantly more Ti relative to deposits in marine facies. Neoformed anatase grains nanometres to micrometres in size are associated closely with clay minerals, whereas detrital anatase was observed in the remnants of altered ash beds of terrestrial facies. Extraction of the clay fraction of altered ash beds may exclude significantly detrital accessory minerals such as anatase and rutile added during sediment reworking, and the concentrations of immobile elements in the clay fraction may therefore be used to interpret more effectively their source igneous rocks.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Associate Editor: Martine Buatier

References

Abdel-Rahman, A.M. (1994) Nature of biotites from alkaline, calc-alkaline, and peraluminous magmas. Journal of Petrology, 35, 525541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arslan, M., Abdìoğlu, E. & Kadır, S. (2010) Mineralogy, geochemistry, and origin of bentonite in upper cretaceous pyroclastic units of the Tirebolu area, Gìresun, Northeast Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 58, 120141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batchelor, R.A. (2014) Metabentonites from the Sandbian Stage (Upper Ordovician) in Scotland – a geochemical comparison with their equivalents in Baltoscandia. Scottish Journal of Geology, 50, 159163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batchelor, R.A. & Clarkson, E.N.K. (1993) Geochemistry of a Silurian metabentonite and associated apatite from the North Esk Inlier, Pentland Hills. Scottish Journal of Geology, 29, 123130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bau, M. (1991) Rare-earth element mobility during hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid-rock interaction and the significance of the oxidation state of europium. Chemical Geology, 93, 219230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, L.G., Mason, B. & Dietrich, R.V. (1983) Mineralogy: Concepts, Descriptions, Determinations. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, CA, USA, 561 pp.Google Scholar
Bertine, K.K. (1974) Origin of Lau Basin Rise sediment. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 38, 629640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brookins, D.G. (1988) Eh–pH Diagrams for Geochemistry. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 176 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brookins, D.G. (1989) Aqueous geochemistry of rare earth elements. Pp. 201225 in: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements (Lipin, B.P. & McKay, G.A., editors). Reviews in Mineralogy 21. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G.E. (1998) Comparative study of the mobility of major and trace elements during alteration of an andesite and a rhyolite to bentonite, in the Islands of Milos and Kimolos, Aegean, Greece. Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 379399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G.E. & Huff, W.D. (2009) Geological aspects and genesis of bentonites. Elements, 5, 9398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, T., Francis, J.E., Hillier, S.J., Hodson, F., Saunders, R.A. & Stone, J. (1996) The implications of reworking on the mineralogy and chemistry of lower Carboniferous K-bentonites. Clay Minerals, 31, 377390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condie, K.C., Boryta, M.D., Liu, J. & Quian, X. (1992) The origin of khondalites: geochemical evidence from the Archean to Early Proterozoic granulitic belt in the North China Craton. Precambrian Research, 59, 207223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornu, S., Lucas, Y., Lebon, E., Ambrosi, J.P., Luizão, F., Rouiller, J. et al. (1999) Evidence of titanium mobility in soil profiles, Manaus, Central Amazonia. Geoderma, 9, 281295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De La Fuente, S., Cuadros, J., Fiore, S. & Linares, J. (2000) Electron microscopy study of volcanic tuff alteration to illite-smectite under hydrothermal conditions. Clays and Clay Minerals, 48, 339350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
dos Muchangos, A.C. (2006) The mobility of rare-earth and other elements in the process of alteration of rhyolitic rocks to bentonite (Lebombo Volcanic Mountainous Chain, Mozambique). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 88, 300303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ece, O.I. & Nakagawa, Z.-E. (2003) Alteration of volcanic rocks and genesis of kaolin deposits in the Şile Region, northern İstanbul, Turkey. Part II: differential mobility of elements. Clay Minerals, 38, 529550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortey, N.J., Merriman, R.J. & Huff, W.D. (1996) Silurian and Late-Ordovician K-bentonites as a record of Late Caledonian volcanism in the British Isles. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 86, 167180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, Q.L., Zhang, N., Xia, W.C., Feng, Q.L., Chen, Z.Q., Zheng, J.P. et al. (2013) Origin of volcanic ash beds across the Permian–Triassic boundary, Daxiakou, South China: petrology and U–Pb age, trace elements and Hf-isotope composition of zircon. Chemical Geology, 360, 4153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Göncüoğlu, M.C., Günal-Türkmenoğlu, A., Bozkaya, Ö., Ünlüce-Yücel, Ö., Okuyucu, C. & Yilmaz, İ.Ö. (2016) Geological features and geochemical characteristics of late Devonian–early Carboniferous K-bentonites from northwestern Turkey. Clay Minerals, 51, 539562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gong, N.N., Huff, W.D., Hong, H.L., Fang, Q., Wang, C.W., Yin, K. & Chen, S.L. (2018) Influences of sedimentary environments and volcanic sources on diagenetic alteration of volcanic tuffs in South China. Scientific Reports, 8, 7616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
He, B., Zhong, Y.T., Xu, Y.G. & Li, X.H. (2014) Triggers of Permo-Triassic boundary mass extinction in South China: the Siberian Traps or Paleo-Tethys ignimbrite flare-up? Lithos, 204, 258267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hints, R., Kirsimäe, K., Somelar, P., Kallaste, T. & Kiipli, T. (2008) Multiphase Silurian bentonites in the Baltic Palaeobasin. Sedimentary Geology, 209, 6979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodson, M.E. (2002) Experimental evidence for mobility of Zr and other trace elements in soils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 819828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, H.L., Algeo, T.J., Fang, Q., Zhao, L.L., Ji, K.P., Yin, K. et al. (2019) Facies dependence of the mineralogy and geochemistry of altered volcanic ash beds: an example from Permian–Triassic transition strata in southwestern China. Earth-Science Reviews, 190, 5888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, H.L., Fang, Q., Wang, C.W., Churchman, G.J., Zhao, L.L., Gong, N.N. & Yin, K. (2017) Clay mineralogy of altered tephra beds and facies correlation between the Permian–Triassic boundary stratigraphic sets, Guizhou, South China. Applied Clay Science, 143, 1021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huff, W.D. (2016) K-bentonites: a review. American Mineralogist, 101, 4370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huff, W.D. & Türkmenoğlu, A.G. (1981) Chemical characteristics and origin of Ordovician K-bentonites along the Cincinnati Arch. Clays and Clay Minerals, 29, 113123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huff, W.D., Merriman, R.J., Morgan, D.J. & Roberts, B. (1993) Distribution and tectonic setting of Ordovician K-bentonites in the United Kingdom. Geological Magazine, 130, 93100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isozaki, Y., Shimizu, N., Yao, J., Ji, Z. & Matsuda, T. (2007) End-Permian extinction and volcanism-induced environmental stress: the Permian–Triassic boundary interval of lower-slope facies at Chaotian, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252, 218238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, M.L. (1978) Soil Chemical Analyses. Department of Geology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA, 498 pp.Google Scholar
Kiipli, P., Hints, R., Kallaste, T., Verš, E. & Voolma, M. (2017) Immobile and mobile elements during the transition of volcanic ash to bentonite – an example from the Early Palaeozoic sedimentary section of the Baltic Basin. Sedimentary Geology, 347, 148159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiipli, T., Kallaste, T. & Nestor, V. (2010) Composition and correlation of volcanic ash beds of Silurian age from the eastern Baltic. Geological Magazine, 147, 895909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knauss, K.G., Dibley, M.J., Bourcier, W.L. & Shaw, H.F. (2001) Ti(IV) hydrolysis constants derived from rutile solubility measurements made from 100 to 300°C. Applied Geochemistry, 16, 11151128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laviano, R. & Mongelli, G. (1996) Geochemistry and mineralogy as indicators of parental affinity for Cenozoic bentonites: a case study from S. Croce Di Magliano (southern Apennines, Italy). Clay Minerals, 31, 391401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Maitre, R.W. (1976) The chemical variability of some common igneous rocks. Journal of Petrology, 17, 589598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malengreau, N., Muller, J.P. & Calas, G. (1995) Spectroscopic approach for investigating the status and mobility of Ti in kaolinitic sediments. Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 615621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McHenry, L.J. (2009) Element mobility during zeolitic and argillic alteration of volcanic ash in a closed-basin lacustrine environment: case study Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Chemical Geology, 265, 540552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merriman, R.J. & Roberts, B. (1990) Metabentonites in the Moffat shale Group, Southern uplands of Scotland: geochemical evidence of ensialic marginal basin volcanism. Geological Magazine, 127, 259271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millero, F.J. (1992) Stability constants for the formation of rare earth inorganic complexes as a function of ionic strength. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 31233132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naish, T.R., Nelson, C.S. & Hodder, A.P.W. (1993) Evolution of Holocene sedimentary bentonite in a shallow-marine embayment, Firth of Thames, New Zealand. Marine Geology, 109, 267278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nesbitt, H.W. & Young, G.M. (1982) Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature, 299, 715717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obst, K., Ansorge, J., Matting, S. & Huneke, H. (2015) Early Eocene volcanic ashes on Greifswalder Oie and their depositional environment, with an overview of coeval ash-bearing deposits in northern Germany and Denmark. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 104, 21792212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özdamar, Ş., Ece, Ö.I., Uz, B., Boylu, F., Ercan, H.Ü. & Yanik, G. (2014) Element mobility during the formation of the Uzunisa-Ordu bentonite, NE Turkey, and potential applications. Clay Minerals, 49, 609633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, J.A. & Peate, D.W. (1995) Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23, 251285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, Y.Q., Zhang, S.X., Yu, J.X., Yang, F.Q., Gao, Y.Q. & Shi, G.R. (2005) High-resolution terrestrial Permian–Triassic eventostratigraphic boundary in western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan, southwestern China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 215, 285295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saylor, B.Z., Poling, J.M. & Huff, W.D. (2005) Stratigraphic and chemical correlation of volcanic ash beds in the terminal Proterozoic Nama Group, Namibia. Geological Magazine, 142, 519538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schindlbeck, J.C., Kutterolf, S., Freundt, A., Alvarado, G.E., Wang, K.L., Straub, S.M. et al. (2016) Late Cenozoic tephrostratigraphy offshore the southern central American Volcanic Arc: 1. Tephra ages and provenance. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 17, 46414668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, P.A. & Shiflet, J. (2000) Ti-bearing phases in the Huber Formation, an East Georgia kaolin deposit. Clays and Clay Minerals, 48, 151158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siir, S., Kallaste, T., Kiipli, T. & Hints, R. (2015) Internal stratification of two thick Ordovician bentonites of Estonia: deciphering primary magmatic, sedimentary, environmental and diagenetic signatures. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 64, 140158.Google Scholar
Spears, D.A. (2012) The origin of tonsteins, an overview, and links with seatearths, fireclays and fragmental clay rocks. International Journal of Coal Geology, 94, 2231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stampfli, G.M. & Borel, G.D. (2002) A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 196, 1733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, S.R. & McLennan, S.M. (1985) The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, MA, USA, 312 pp.Google Scholar
Tilley, D.B. & Eggleton, R.A. (2005) Titanite low-temperature alteration and Ti mobility. Clays and Clay Minerals, 53, 100107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ver Straeten, C.A. (2004) K-bentonites, volcanic ash preservation, and implications for Early to Middle Devonian volcanism in the Acadian orogen, eastern North America. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 116, 474489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ver Straeten, C.A. (2008) Volcanic tephra bed formation and condensation processes: a review and examination from Devonian stratigraphic sequences. Journal of Geology, 116, 545557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, C.E. (1976) The nature of TiO2 in kaolinite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 24, 215218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winchester, J.A. & Floyd, P.A. (1977) Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology, 20, 325343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, S.A. (1990) The aqueous geochemistry of the rare-earth elements and yttrium, 1. Review of available low-temperature data for inorganic complexes and the inorganic REE speciation of natural waters. Chemical Geology, 82, 159186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wray, D.S. (1995) Origin of clay-rich beds in Turonian chalks from Lower Saxony, Germany – a rare earth element study. Chemical Geology, 119, 161173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, S.B., Ren, Y.X. & Bi, X.M. (1990) Volcanic material and origin of clay rock near Permo-Triassic boundary from Huangshi, Hubei and Meishan of Changing County, Zhejiang. Earth Science, 15, 589595 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Yin, H.F., Huang, S.J., Zhang, K.X., Yang, F.Q., Ding, M.H., Bi, X.M. & Zhang, S.X. (1989) Volcanism at the Permian–Triassic Boundary in South China and its effects on mass extinction. Acta Geologica Sinica, 63, 169180 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Yu, J.X., Broutin, J., Chen, Z.Q., Shi, X., Li, H., Chu, D.L. & Huang, Q. (2015) Vegetation changeover across the Permian–Triassic Boundary in Southwest China: extinction, survival, recovery and palaeoclimate: a critical review. Earth-Science Reviews, 149, 203224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yusoff, Z.M., Ngwenya, B.T. & Parsons, I. (2013) Mobility and fractionation of REEs during deep weathering of geochemically contrasting granites in a tropical setting, Malaysia. Chemical Geology, 349, 7186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, S.X., Yuan, P., Zhao, L.S., Tong, J.N., Yang, H., Yu, J.S. & Shi, Y.F. (2009) Clay rocks around Permian–Triassic boundary at Daxiakou section in Hubei Province, China. Journal of Earth Science, 20, 909920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zielinski, R.A. (1985) Element mobility during alteration of silicic ash to kaolinite – a study of tonstein. Sedimentology, 32, 567579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar