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Low-grade evolution of clay minerals and organic matter in fault zones of the Hikurangi prism (New Zealand)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2019

Tatiana Maison ,
Sébastien Potel ,
Pierre Malié ,
Rafael Ferreiro Mählmann ,
Frank Chanier ,
Geoffroy Mahieux  and
Julien Bailleul
Tatiana Maison*
Affiliation:
UniLaSalle, UPJV, EA 7511 Basins-Reservoirs-Resources (B2R), F-60026 Beauvais, France
Sébastien Potel
Affiliation:
UniLaSalle, UPJV, EA 7511 Basins-Reservoirs-Resources (B2R), F-60026 Beauvais, France
Pierre Malié
Affiliation:
UniLaSalle, UPJV, EA 7511 Basins-Reservoirs-Resources (B2R), F-60026 Beauvais, France Laboratoire Géosciences Université de Montpellier CC, 60 Place E, Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
Rafael Ferreiro Mählmann
Affiliation:
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Technical and Low Temperature Petrology, Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
Frank Chanier
Affiliation:
Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F 59000 Lille, France
Geoffroy Mahieux
Affiliation:
UPJV, UniLaSalle, EA 7511 Basins-Reservoirs-Resources (B2R), F-80000 Amiens, France
Julien Bailleul
Affiliation:
UniLaSalle, UPJV, EA 7511 Basins-Reservoirs-Resources (B2R), F-60026 Beauvais, France
*
*E-mail: tatiana.maison@unilasalle.fr
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Abstract

Clay minerals and organic matter occur frequently in fault zones. Their structural characteristics and their textural evolution are driven by several formation processes: (1) reaction by metasomatism from circulating fluids; (2) in situ evolution by diagenesis; and (3) neoformation due to deformation catalysis. Clay-mineral chemistry and precipitated solid organic matter may be used as indicators of fluid circulation in fault zones and to determine the maximum temperatures in these zones. In the present study, clay-mineral and organic-matter analyses of two major fault zones – the Adams-Tinui and Whakataki faults, Wairarapa, North Island, New Zealand – were investigated. The two faults analysed correspond to the soles of large imbricated thrust sheets formed during the onset of subduction beneath the North Island of New Zealand. The mineralogy of both fault zones is composed mainly of quartz, feldspars, calcite, chabazite and clay minerals such as illite-muscovite, kaolinite, chlorite and mixed-layer minerals such as chlorite-smectite and illite-smectite. The diagenesis and very-low-grade metamorphism of the sedimentary rock is determined by gradual changes of clay mineral ‘crystallinity’ (illite, chlorite, kaolinite), the use of a chlorite geothermometer and the reflectance of organic matter. It is concluded here that: (1) the established thermal grade is diagenesis; (2) tectonic strains affect the clay mineral ‘crystallinity’ in the fault zone; (3) there is a strong correlation between temperature determined by chlorite geothermometry and organic-matter reflectance; and (4) the duration and depth of burial as well as the pore-fluid chemistry are important factors affecting clay-mineral formation.

Keywords

clay mineralsKübler indexdiagenesisvery-low-grade metamorphismchlorite geothermometryfaultsEast Coast BasinNew Zealand
Type
Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 53 , Issue 4 , December 2018 , pp. 579 - 602
Copyright
Copyright © Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2018 

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Footnotes

Guest Associate Editor: A. Schleicher

This paper was presented during the session ‘GG01: Clays in faults and fractures + MI-03 Clay mineral reaction progress in very low-grade temperature petrologic studies’ of the International Clay Conference 2017.

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