2 A group of American and European scholars are now engaged in the writing of a five-volume work which will cover the entire crusading movement. For the prospectus of this work see Setton, K., in Speculum, XXVI (1951), 578ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar. Meanwhile Steven Runciman has begun the publication of A History of the Crusades which will be completed in three volumes, of which the first has made its appearance: Runciman, S., A History of the Crusades— Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. (Cambridge, 1951)Google Scholar. Some of the older works remain, of course, useful. Among them we cite the following: Wilken, F., Geschichte der Kreuszüge (Leipzig, 1807–1832), 7 volumesGoogle Scholar; Röhricht, R., Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem (1100–1291) (Innsbruck, 1898)Google Scholar; Kügler, B., Geschichte der Kreuzzüge (Berlin, 1891)Google Scholar; Archer, T. A. and Kingsford, C. L., The Crusades: The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (London, 1895)Google Scholar; Bréhier, L., L'Eglise et L'Orient au Moyen Age: Les Croisades (Paris, 1928)Google Scholar; Grousset, R., Histoire des Croisades et du Royaume Franc de Jerusalem (Paris, 1934–1936), 3 volumesGoogle Scholar; Atiya, A. S., The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1938)Google Scholar. Atiya does not treat of Varna, but about that campaign we have now a monograph: Halecki, O., The Crusade of Varna. A Discussion of Controversial Problems (New York, 1943)Google Scholar. Volume five of the projected work mentioned at the beginning of this note will include a general bibliography.

3 The First Crusade, as is natural, has been repeatedly treated. Besides the works already eited one may add the following: von Sybel, H., Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges, 2nd edition (Leipzig, 1881)Google Scholar; Röhricht, R., Geschiohte desersten Kreuzzuges (Innsbruck, 1901)Google Scholar; Krey, A. C.. The First Crusade. The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants (Princeton, 1921)Google Scholar; Chalandon, F., Histoire de la Premiére Croisade jusqu'à l'Election de Godefroi de Bouillon (Paris, 1925)Google Scholar. Other works, pertinent to this study, will be cited in the course of the paper.

4 Boissonnade, P., Du Nouveau sur la Chanson de Roland (Paris, 1923), 5ff.Google Scholar; Boissonnade, , “Cluny, la Papauté et la première grande Croisade internationale contre les Sarrasins d'Espagne,” Revue des Questions Historiques, CXVII (1932), 257–301Google Scholar; Rousset, P., Les Origines et les Caractères de la Première Croisade (Neu-Châtel, 1945), 31–35.Google Scholar

5 Jordan, E., “La Politique Ecelésiastique de Roger Ier et les Origines de la Légation Sicilienne,” Le Moyen Age, 2e série, XXIV (1922), 237–284Google Scholar; continued, Ibid, XXV (1923), 32–65; Rousset, op. cit., 36–39.

6 Schlumberger, G., Un Empereur Byzantin au Dixième Siècle: Nicéphore Phocas. Nouvelle edition (Paris, 1923), 349f.Google Scholar

7 Matthew, of Edessa, , Chronicle, in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Documents Arméniens, I (Paris, 1869), 13–20.Google Scholar

8 On this point Urban II is reported by Fulcher of Chartres to have said the following at Clermont: “Remission of sins will be granted for those going thither, if they end a shackled life either on land or in crossing the sea, or in struggling against the heathen. I, being vested with that gift from God, grant this to those who go.” Fulcheri Carnotensis Historia Hierosolymitana, in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Documents Occidentaux, III (Paris, 1866), 324Google Scholar. The translation is that of McGinty, M. E., Fulcher of Chartres, Chronicle of the First Crusade (Philadelphia, 1941), 16CrossRefGoogle Scholar. In his letter to the assembling Crusaders Urban II refers to the crusade “as a preparation for the remission of all their [the participants] sins.” Archives de l'Orient Latin, I (Paris, 1881), 220Google Scholar. On this whole point see further Paulus, N., Geschichte des Ablasses im Mittelalter (Paderborn, 1922–1923), I, 195ffGoogle Scholar; Magnin, E., “Indulgences,” Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique, XVII (Paris, 1923), 1607Google Scholar; Lea, H. C., A History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church, (Philadelphia, 1893), III: 9–10.Google Scholar

9 Erdmann, C., Die Enstehung des Kreurzugsgedankens (Forschungen zur Kirchen-und Geistesgeschichte, VI, Band) Stuttgart, 1935, 125Google Scholar. Cf. Rousset, op. cit., 48ff. The remission of sins under certain conditions had also been promised to those participating in the expedition which Robert Guiscard organized against Byzantium in 1080. Gregorii VII Registrum, VIII, 6: Migne, , Patrologia Latina, CXLVIII (Paris, 1853), 580f.Google Scholar

10 Urban's speech at Clermont has been differently reported by a number of chroniclers. Two of these chroniclers (Robert the Monk and Baidric of Bourgueil) say that they were present at Clermont; it is quite probable that two others (Fulcher of Chartres and Guibert of Nogent) were also there. A fifth (William of Malmesbury) reports that he derived his information from persons who actually heard the speech. All these chroniclers recorded their version of Urban's speech some years after Clermont. On this whole question see Munro, D. C., “The Speech of Pope Urban II at Clermont, 1095,” The American Historical Review, XI (1905), 231–242.Google Scholar

11 Bréhier, op. cit., 54; Hatem, A., Les Poemes épiques des croisades, genèse, historicité, localisation (Paris, 1932), 72Google Scholar; Calmette, J., Le Monde Féodal, Vol. 4 of the collection Clio (Paris,) 382Google Scholar; Joranson, E., “The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064–1065,” in The Crusades and other Historical Essays Presented to Dana C. Munro (New York, 1928), 42–43.Google Scholar

12 F. Dunealf, “The Pope's Plan for the First Crusade,” in The Crusades and Other Historical Essays …, 45; Leib, B., Rome, Kiev et Byzance a la Fin du XIe Siècle (Paris, 1924), 181.Google Scholar

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14 LaMonte, J. L., “La Papauté et les Croisades,” in Renaissance. II and III (1945), 158Google Scholar. In this article LaMonte gives a brief summary of some of the explanations offered for the motives of Urban II.

15 Hampe, K., Deutsche Kaisergeschichte in der Zeit der Salier und Staufer, 7th edition (Leipzig, 1937), 76Google Scholar. Cf. Baldwin, M. W., “Some Recent Interpretations of Pope Urban II's Eastern Policy,” The Catholic Historical Review, XXV (1940), 462.Google Scholar

16 Krey, A. C., “Urban's Crusade—Suecess or Failure,” American Historical Review, LIII (1948), 235–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Baldwin, M. N., “The Papacy and the Levant during the Twelfth Century,” Bulletin of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America, III (1945), 277–287Google Scholar. Leib, op. cit., 181; Runciman (op. cit., 102ff) seems to imply that the desire for the union of the churches was a dominant motive in the thoughts of Urban.

17 Holtzmann, W., “Die Unionsverhandlungen zwischen Kaiser Alexios I und Papst Urban II in Jahre 1089,” Byz. Zeitschrift, XXVIII (1928), 38–67Google Scholar; Charanis, P., The American Historical Review, LIII (1948), 941–944.Google Scholar

18 Precisely when the break came is not known, but it was some years before 1054, probably during the patriarchate of Sergius II (1001–1019). On this question see Jugie, Martin, Le Schisme Byzantin (Paris, 1941), 166 ff.Google Scholar

19 There has been a tendency in recent years to minimize the significance of the schism of the eleventh century, for instance Runciman (op. cit., 100), referring to 1087, the year of the death of Gregory VII, writes: “There was as yet no actual schism.” See also Every, G., The Byzantine Patriarchate, 451–1204 (London, 1947), 153 ffGoogle Scholar. This point of view, I think, is much of an exaggeration. T shall treat of it in another study, but see Charanis, P., The American Historical Review, LIII: 943 f.Google Scholar

20 Fliche, A., La Réforme grégorienne et la Reconquête chrétienne, volume 8 of Histoire de l'Eglise, edited by Fliche, A. and Martin, V. (Paris, 1946), 230 f.Google Scholar

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24 Without knowing the document upon which this study is based, Fliche wrote in 1927: “Without a doubt, as Chalaadon observes, the situation of the Greek empire in 1095 was not alarming, but could not Alexius I nourish at this date the project of restoring the Byzantine power in Asia by recovering the regions occupied by the Turks …! For the realization of such a dream foreign aid could be, if not indispensable, at least, very useful.” Fliche, , “Urbain II et la croisade,” Revue d'Histoire de l'Eglise de France, XIV (1927), 291–293Google Scholar. For further references to scholars who have rejected Chalandon's view, see Gharanis, P., “Byzantium, the West and the Origin of the First Crusade,” Byzantion, XIX (1949), 25fGoogle Scholar. See also Munro, D. C., “Did the Emperor Alexius I ask for aid at the Council of Piacenza, 1095!,” The American Historical Review, XXVII (1922), 731–733CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Baldwin, M. W., “Some Recent Interpretations of Pope Urban II's Eastern Policy,” The Catholic historical Review, XXV (1940), 460.Google Scholar

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26 The chronicler in question is Theodore Skutariotes who wrote during the second half of the thirteenth century. Despite the fact that his testimony is late, its credibility, as I have shown in a special study, where I also give the passage quoted above in the Greek original, cannot be questioned. See Charanis, , Byzantium, the West and the Origin of the First Crusade 30 ffGoogle Scholar. The text with an English translation was also published by me in Speculum, XXIV (1949), 93–94Google Scholar. Skutariotes does not mention the Council of Piacensa, but, in view of the conditions of the empire which his passage presupposes, the imperial ambassadors of whom he speaks must have been those who are reported by Bernhold to have spoken at Piacenza. Bernhold, op. cit., 462. On Skutariotes and the credibility of his chronicle, especially for the period of the early Comneni, see further Moravesik, G., Byrantinoturcica I. Die Byzantintschen Quellen der Geschichte der Türkenvölker (Budapest, 1942), 329f.Google Scholar

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30 The speech of Urban II as reported by the chroniclers: Fulcher of Chartres, in Recuil des Historiens des Croisades, Historiens Occidentaux, III (Paris, 1866), 323–324Google Scholar; Robert the Monk, Ibid, 727–730; Baldrie of Bourgueil, Ibid., IV (Paris, 1879). 12–15; Guibert of Nogent, Ibid., IV; 137–140; and William, of Malmesbury, , De Gestis Regum Angiorum, edited by Stubbs, William, Rolls Series, II (London, 1889), 393–398Google Scholar. On Urban's instructions to the assembling crusaders see, “Urbain II aux princes de Flandres et à leurs sujets,” in Archives de l'Orient Latin, I (Paris, 1881), 220.Google Scholar

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