1 Cf. Breen, Quirinus, John Calvin: a Study in French Humanism (Grand Rapids, 1931), 40–55.Google Scholar

2 In an extended study of Badé's treatise, M. Triwunatz holds that it was written before that of Erasmus appeared. According to Budé, the king has no right to do what is dishonorable, or to abrograte a law that expresses the divine justice. Even if kings were free from all obligations, they ought, in their own interests, to subject themselves to the laws of their states. Guillaume Budés De l'institution du prince (Erlangen and Leipzig, 1903), 44Google Scholar; 54ff. Cf. Delaruelle, L., Guillaume Budé, les origines, les debuts, les idées maitresses (Paris, 1907)Google ScholarCalvin, , Opera, V, 23, 67Google Scholar. On Budé see also Breen, , John Calvin, 113ff.Google Scholar, and McNeill, J. T., Christian Hope for World Society (Chicago, 1937), 90ff.Google Scholar. On the relation of the law and the prince, Erasmus, , in Institutio principis Christiani (1516)Google Scholar, ch. vi, has a statement more in accord with Calvin's later teaching: “A state is happy when all the citizens obey the prince, the prince obeys the laws, and the laws are just and honorable and conducive to the public welfare.”

3 Calvin, , Opera, V, 153–54.Google Scholar

4 Breen, , John Calvin, 84f.Google Scholar

5 Opera, V, 90ff.Google Scholar

6 Quoted by R. W., and Carlyle, A. J., A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West, VI (London, 1936), 298.Google Scholar

7 Elsewhere he notes, (citing Ps. 145:9: “His tender mercies are over all his works”) that none of God's creatures fails to participate in the outpourings of his mercy. Institutes, I, v, 6.Google Scholar

8 Institutes, I, x, 2.Google Scholar

9 Doumergue, E., Jean Calvin, hommes et les choses de son temps, V (Lausanne, 1917), 399.Google Scholar

10 Institutes IV, xx, 5, 6, 9–13.Google Scholar

11 Homilies on I Samuel, xxxviii, (I Sam. 11:6–10). Opera, XXIX, 659Google Scholar. There is something comparable to this in the view of S. T. Coleridge who regards the church as “the sustaining, correcting, befriending opposite of the world, the compensating counterforce to the inherent and inevitable evils and defects of the state.” (Coleridge, S. T., “Idea of a Christian Church,” in Constitution of Church and State (1839), 124Google Scholar. Calvin's definition of the church in its essentials would, of course, differ from Coleridge's.

12 Opera, XLIX, 248ff.Google Scholar

13 Institutes, IV, xx, 14.Google Scholar

14 Hudson, W. S., “Democratic Freedom and Religious Faith in the Reformed Tradition,” Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture, XV (1946), 193.Google Scholar

15 Cf. Augsburg Confession, 18: “some liberty to work a civil righteousness.”

16 Institutes, II, ii, 14–17Google Scholar. Cf. his Commentary on Titus: “They are superstitious who dare not borrow anything from profane writers. For since all truth is from God, if anything has been aptly or truly said by those who have not piety, it ought not to be repudiated, for it came from God. Since, then, all things are of God, why is it not right to refer to his glory whatever can properly be applied to that end¶” Opera III, 414f., on Titus 1:12.

17 In a recent article, “Natural Law in the Thought of the Reformers,” I have briefly illustrated Calvin's appropriation of the doctrine of natural law. Journal of Religion, XXVI (1946), 179ff.Google Scholar

18 Institutes, IV, xx, 14–18.Google Scholar

19 Institutes, IV, xx, 8.Google Scholar

20 Sermons on Job, xl (Job 10:16–17) and cxxxii (Job 19:20–29). Opera, XXXIII, 503Google Scholar; XXXIV, 138.

21 See for example Sermons on Deuteronomy, cvi (Deut. 17:16–20). Opera, XXVII, 479Google Scholar. Doumergue halts, in reporting such passages, “not daring to reproduce his invectives”— Les vraies origines de la Démocratic moderne (Paris, 1919), 61.Google Scholar

22 Lectures on Daniel, ch. vi. Opera, XLI, 1–22Google Scholar, especially columns 3 and 7.

23 Sermons on Deuteronomy, 1 (Deut. 16:18–19). Opera, XXVII, 410–11Google Scholar. I suggest that these sentences were intended to urge his Genevese hearers, as politically more favored than their (French) neighbors, to prize and maintain their republican form of government.

24 Sermons on Deuteronomy, cv (Deut. 18:14–18). Opera, XXVII, 458–60.Google Scholar

25 La pensée politique de Calvin, Part IV, Chapter vi (pp. 226–29). Cf. Bohatec, Josef, Calvins Lehre von Staat und Kirche (Breslau, 1937), 118–4.Google Scholar

26 Institutes, IV, xx, 8.Google Scholar

27 Institutes, IV, xx, 31.Google Scholar

28 I suggest that Zwingli may have supplied Calvin with this celebrated illustration. In his edited sermon, Der Hirt, delivered to the clergy attending the Zurich Disputation of January, 1523, and published in March, 1524, he says that as the Spartans had their ephors, the Romans their tribunes, and the German towns have their guild masters, with authority to check the higher rulers, so God has provided pastors as officers to stand on guard for the people Zwinglis sämmtliche Werke, III (Leipzig, 1914), 36Google Scholar. The context is not political.

29 J. H. Allen discusses the question whether Calvin here intends to say that Darius by rising up against God ipso facto abrogated his power. Politicai Thought in the Sixteenth Century (1928), 57.Google Scholar

30 Institutes, V, xx, 19–32.Google Scholar

31 Cheneviére, , La pensée politique de Calvin, 335Google Scholar. For criticism of this view see Baron, Hans, “Calvinist Republicanism and its Historical Roots” Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture, VIII (1939), 30–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Hudson, Winthrop S., “Democratic Freedom and Religious Faith in the Reformed Tradition” Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture, XV (1946), 177–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

32 Baron, , “Calvinist Republicanism,” 35ff.Google Scholar

33 Hudson, , “Democratic Freedom,” 193Google Scholar. Cf. Calvin, , Opera XLIX, 251Google Scholar: “Denique Deo et honinibus in sua principatu sunt obligati”

34 Opera, XLIII, 374.Google Scholar

35 “Zur Eigenart des ‘theocratischen’ Gedankens bei Calvin” in Aus Theologie und Geschichte der Reformierten Kirehe.Festgabe für E. F. K. Muller (Erlangen, 1933), 122–57.Google Scholar

36 Die Lehre vom Wiederstandsrecht des Volkes gegen die rechtmässige Obrigkeit im Luthertum und im Calvinismus des 16 Jahrhunderts (Bonn, 1903), 41ff.Google Scholar

37 “libertatem bonus inaestimabile parvi faciens perdidit.” Homilies on I Samuel, lx, on I Samuel 17:1–11. Opera, XXX, 185Google Scholar. Cf. Hom. xxvii, on I Samuel 8:1–6. Opera, XXIX, 544.Google Scholar

38 Sermons on Deuteronomy, cxcvi. Opera, XXIX, 172.Google Scholar

39 Opera, XXIV, 627.Google Scholar

40 Cf. Doumergue, E., Jean Calvin, les hommes et les choses de son temps, V (1917), 442f.Google Scholar; VII (1927), 167ff. The magistrates were following in this mutual admonition, the practice Calvin had established for the ministers. Mackinnon, James remarks that it was “a unique attempt to apply the Christian spirit to the art of politics”— Calvin and the Reformation, (London, 1936), 163Google Scholar. This is of course exactly what Calvin advocates on the whole political front. But the “Grabeau,” as this meeting of the Council for correction of its members was called, is a remarkable application of the principle of correptio fraterna (or mutua); which is scriptural (Cf. 2 Thess. 3:15) and often asserted by the Church Fathers. The “chapter of culps” in monasticism is its best medieval institutional expression. By Luther, Bucer, and other Reformers it was associated with the doctrine of the mutual priesthood of all Christians, along with its counterpart, aedificatio mutua (Rom. 14:19; I Thess. 5:11).

41 Sermons on Job, cxiii, (Job 31:9–14). Opera, XXXIV, 655–60.Google Scholar

42 Sermons on Deuteronomy, xvi (Deut. 3:12–22). Opera, XXVI, 70.Google Scholar

43 Homilies on I Samuel, xxix. (I Samuel 8:11–22). Opera, XXIX, 564f.Google Scholar

44 Denique omnes gradus politici ad tuendum nuiversi corporis statum pertinent. Quod fieri non potest nisi membra onmia mutuo subjeetionis nexu inter se cohaerant. Commentary on I Peter. (I Pet. 5:5) Opera, LV, 287Google Scholar. Cf. Baron, H., Calvins Staatsanschauung und das konfessionelle Zetalter (Berlin, 1924), 78ffGoogle Scholar; Bohatee, J., Calvins Lehre von Stasit unit Kirche (Breslau, 1937), 91ff; 239ff.Google Scholar

45 Institutes, III, vi, 8.Google Scholar

46 Institutes IV, v, 2.Google Scholar

47 Henry, P., The Life and Times of Jahn Calvin. Translated from the German by Stebbing, H. (New York, 1851), I, 354ff.Google Scholar

48 Opera, XXI, 7, 8Google Scholar. Cf. Mackinnon, J., Calvin and the Reformation (London, 1936), 163.Google Scholar

49 L'Essor de la philosophie politique au XVIe siècle (Paris 1936), 306.Google Scholar

50 Institutes, IV, xx, 8.Google Scholar