² See Tuan-sheng, Ch'ien, “Hsin hsien-fa chung li-fa hsing-cheng liang chi-kuan chih kuan-hsi” (“The Relation Between the Legislature and the Executive in Some Recent Constitutions”), She-hui k'o-hsüeh chi-k'an, III: 3 (Spring 1925), pp. 389–409Google Scholar. Ch'ien's article was published in distinguished company; other contributors to this issue included Wang Shih-chieh, who was to become one of the highest KMT officials, a close associate and benefactor of Ch'ien, and with whom Ch'ien would collaborate on a book; and Chou Keng-sheng (S. R. Chow), who contributed an article on “The League of Nations and International Law.” Ch'ien, 's reviews are included in volumes III and IV (1925 and 1926).Google Scholar

³ With regard to the Contemporary Review, Fairbank and Liu comment: “Edited by professors chiefly of the National Peking University, this magazine represents the views of a group of modern liberal intellectuals whose chief emphasis has been on efficient governmental institutions and the rule of law, including a strong stand for China's rights and interests abroad according to international law.” Modern China, A Bibliographical Guide to Chinese Works: 1898–1937 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), p. 192.Google Scholar

⁴ Tuan-sheng, Ch'ien, “Shou-hui Shang-hai tsu-chieh te p'o-ch'ieh” (“Hasten the Rendition of the Shanghai Concessions”), Hsien-tai p'ing-lun V: 122 (04 9, 1927), p. 5Google Scholar. Another of Ch'ien's articles for Hsien-tai p'ing-lun is “Mei-kuo tui-Hua te wai-chiao” (“America's foreign policy toward China”), V: 133 (02 5, 1927), pp. 5–9.Google Scholar

⁵ Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950. Published under the auspices of the Institute of Pacific Relations.

⁶ Saikin Shina Seiji Seido Shi, a translation by Oikawa Tsunetada of volume one of Min-kuo cheng-chih shih for the Asia Research Institute, Keio University with the support of funds from the Mochizuki Grant for research into modern China (Tokyo: Keio University Press, 1943). Ch'ien, 's introduction is dated 06 16, 1937Google Scholar, at Nanking Central University, but the Chinese editions were not published until 1939 (Changsha) and 1945 (Chungking).

⁷ About 1942 Ch'ien brought up to date Wang Shih-chieh's Pi-chiao hsien-fa (Comparative Constitutional Law) which Wang had originally published around 1925. Ch'ien made the first revision of this work in 1936. He also contributed various articles to Hsin ching-chi (The New Economics) which was published in wartime Chungking.

⁸ Tuan-sheng, Ch'ien, Dean of the College of Political Science and Law of Peking, “My Crimes,” Jen-min Jih-pao (People's Daily), 08 6, 1957Google Scholar; SCMP 1596 (08 22, 1957), pp. 35–40Google Scholar. Ch'ien's statement was read publicly before the Second Session of the Second Municipal People's Congress of Peking, August 4, 1957.

⁹ “Wartime Local Government in China,” Pacific Affairs XVI: 4 (12 1943), pp. 441–460Google Scholar. This is chiefly an analysis of the factors that led to the restoration of the pao-chia system in the 1930s. Ch'ien is not critical of the Central Government in view of the immensity of the problems facing it, but he raises the question of what influence the pao-chia system will have on the long-term objective of establishing local self-government.

¹⁰ Pacific Affairs XXI: 3 (09 1948), pp. 239–251.Google Scholar

¹¹ Ibid. p. 239.

¹² U.S. Senate, 82nd Congress, 2nd Session, Hearings Before the Sub-committee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary … on the Institute of Pacific Relations (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1952), Part 14, p. 5253, Exhibit no. 1216.Google Scholar

¹³ Quoted from a letter by Ch'ien to his Harvard colleague, Professor Fairbank, dated March 9, 1949. This excerpt was included in his 1957 confession. See “My Crimes,” Jen-min Jih-pao, 08 6, 1957.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Bodde, Derk, Peking Diary (New York: 1950), pp. 195–196.Google Scholar

¹⁵ “Agrarian Reform Observation Group of Peking Professors Leaves Hunan for Peking,” New China News Agency (NCNA), Changsha, 03 12, 1951Google Scholar; Survey of the China Mainland Press (SCMP) (Hong Kong: U.S. Consulate-General) 82, pp. 16–17.Google Scholar

¹⁶ “Peking and Tientsin Agrarian Reform Inspection Mission Sent Out,” NCNA, 05 8, 1951Google Scholar; SCMP 103, p. 39.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Ch'ien Chün-jui, Vice-Minister of Education, in Hsueh-hsi V: 1 (11 1, 1951)Google Scholar; CB 169, p. 5.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Tuan-sheng, Ch'ien, “To Study for Self-Reform so as Better to Serve the Fatherland,” Jen-min lih-pao, 11 6, 1951Google Scholar; CB 169, pp. 30–32. The article of October 10, 1951, is cited in CB 169, p. 45.

¹⁹ Ibid.

²⁰ Ibid. Ch'ien actually admired T'ang. Only a few years earlier Ch'ien had written, “The best account in Chinese [on Buddhism] is the recent work of Yung-t'ung, T'ang, Han Wei Liang-Chin Nan-pei-ch'ao fo-chiao shih (A History of Buddhism in the Han, Wei, the two Chin, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties),” The Government and Politics of China, p. 403, n. 25.Google Scholar

²¹ Tuan-sheng, Ch'ien, “The Communist Party Educated Me,”Google ScholarPeking, , Kuang-ming Jih-pao, 07 1, 1952Google Scholar; CB 213, pp. 32–34.Google Scholar

²² ibid. pp. 33–34. To call Ch'ien, 's transformation “brain-washing”Google Scholar is a misnomer and a hoax. The process of intense indoctrination of necessarily willing participants in a controlled milieu needs no mysterious embellishments to underscore its serious ness. However, the events of 1957 confirm the fact that individual opinions are not so easily remade.

²³ NCNA, 11 27, 1952Google Scholar; SCMP 461, p. 16.Google Scholar

²⁴ China Reconstructs No. 4 (07–08 1952), pp. 8–12Google Scholar. Another frankly propagandistic article by Ch'ien, in English is his “Chinese-British Friendship,” People's China No. 16 (08 16, 1954), pp. 14–21.Google Scholar

²⁵ Kuo Mo-jo, novelist, poet, literary critic and scholar, is the doyen of Chinese “peace workers.” His posts include the Chairmanship of the World Peace Congress and of the Academia Sinica, and the Vice-Chairmanship of the Sino-Soviet Friendship Association. He is also a winner of the Stalin Peace Prize.

²⁶ The most complete list of Ch'ien Tuan-sheng's activities is included in Kasumigaseki Society, Gendai Chügoku Jinmei Jiten (Biographical Dictionary of Modern China) (Tokyo: 1957), p. 299Google Scholar, which was used as a basis for checking the press.

²⁷ “Third Chinese People's Comfort Mission Leaves for Korea,” NCNA, 10 4, 1953Google Scholar; SCMP 662.Google Scholar

²⁸ “Chinese People's Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries Founded in Peking.” NCNA, 05 3, 1954Google Scholar; SCMP 801, pp. 21–24.Google Scholar

²⁹ Shanghai election, NCNA, 08 18, 1954Google Scholar; SCMP 874, pp. 50–51Google Scholar. Bills Committee, NCNA, 09 28, 1954Google Scholar; SCMP 898, pp. 8–9.Google Scholar

³⁰ See “Composition of the First National People's Congress,” Current Background (CB) (Hong Kong: U.S. Consulate-General) 290.Google Scholar

³¹ “Second National Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (December 1954),” CB 308.

³² “Chinese Scientists Honored in Delhi,” NCNA, New Delhi, 01 17, 1955Google Scholar; SCMP 970.Google Scholar

³³ Arrival in Karachi, NCNA, 01 19, 1955Google Scholar; SCMP 972, p. 13Google Scholar. Bahawalpur Conference, NCNA, 01 22, 1955Google Scholar; SCMP 975, p. 11.Google Scholar

³⁴ “CPPCC Peking Municipal Committee Holds First Plenary Session,” NCNA, 04; 28, 1955Google Scholar; SCMP 1041, pp. 38–39.Google Scholar

³⁵ “Namelist of Chinese Delegation to World Peace Assembly,” NCNA, 06 8, 1955Google Scholar; SCMP 1066, p. 17.Google Scholar

³⁶ Arrival of Japanese delegation, NCNA, 11 9, 1955Google Scholar; SCMP 1168, p. 34Google Scholar. Reception by Mao, NCNA, 11 28, 1955Google Scholar; SCMP 1179, p. 26.Google Scholar

³⁷ “Japanese Delegation Visits Shanghai,” NCNA, 12 3, 1955Google Scholar; SCMP 1183, p. 40.Google Scholar

³⁸ “Chinese Peace Delegates to World Peace Council,” NCNA, 03 29, 1956Google Scholar; SCMP 1261, p. 52.Google Scholar

³⁹ Both Lo and Chang, Ministers of the Timber Industry and of Communications, respectively, were members of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee, China Democratic League. MacFarquhar comments on their activities as follows: “Lo and Chang Po-chün seem to have wanted to make sure that if the democratic parties were to get more power they personally would benefit…. They were well aware that there was to be no fundamental change in the state system, whatever others may have thought. Chang's ‘two chamber’ proposal [the CPPCC was to be the upper house in a bicameral legislature], which significantly was regarded as quite harmless when first advanced, was certainly an attempt to increase the role of the democratic parties; but it did not in any apparent way conflict with the Communist Party's official policy which was to do just that.” MacFarquhar, Roderick, ed., The Hundred Flowers Campaign and the Chinese Intellectuals (New York: Praeger, 1960), pp. 264–265.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ “Ch'ien Tuan-sheng shih cheng-fa-hsüeh-chieh tê yu-p'ai yin-mou-chia” (“Ch'ien Tuan-sheng is a Rightist Conspirator of the Political and Legal Circles”), Hsin-hua Pan-yueh-k'an No. 17, 1957, pp. 174–176Google Scholar [Reprinted from Jen-min Jih-pao, 07 20, 1957].Google Scholar

⁴¹ Tuan-sheng, Ch'ien, “Wo te tsui-hsing” (“My Crimes”), Jen-min Jih-pao, 08 6, 1957Google Scholar; SCMP 1596, pp. 35–40.Google Scholar

⁴² Ibid.

⁴³ “Second National Congress of China Democratic League,” NCNA, 02 20, 1956Google Scholar; SCMP 1236, pp. 5–11.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ En-lai, Chou, “On the Question of Intellectuals,”Google ScholarNCNA, 01 29, 1956Google Scholar; CB 376, pp. 13–15.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ See Lung-chi, Lo, “Band the Non-Party Intellectuals Closer with the Party” (speech delivered 03 18)Google Scholar, Jen-min Jih-pao, 03 23, 1957Google Scholar; and Po-chün, Chang, “Bring the Role of the Democratic Parties into Full Play”(March 18), Jen-min Jih-pao, 03 19, 1957; CB 444.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ See MacFarquhar, op. cit., for a detailed presentation of anti-Party outpourings from all quarters.

⁴⁷ Kuang-ming Jih-pao, 08 19, 1957Google Scholar; SCMP 1699, p. 31.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Kuang-ming Jih-pao, 06 7, 1957Google Scholar; quoted in MacFarquhar, , p. 86.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ “Ch'ien Tuan-sheng ifan-ch'ang-t'ai to-fang huo-tung wei-tê shih-shen-ma?” (Why does the reactionary attitude of Ch'ien Tuan-sheng flourish in many places?), Kuangming Jih-pao, 06 26, 1957, p. 3.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Hsin-hua Pan-yueh-k'an No. 17, p. 175Google Scholar, and “‘Fa-hsueh-chia’ Ch'ien Tuan-sheng yuan-shih fan-tang yin-mou-chia” (“‘Jurist’ Ch'ien Tuan-sheng was originally an anti-Party conspirator”), Kuang-ming Jih-pao, 07 21, 1957.Google Scholar

⁵¹ “Ch'ien Tuan-sheng te fan-tung yen-hsing” (“The reactionary words and deeds of Ch'ien Tuan-sheng”), Peking, , Kung-jen Jih-pao (Daily Worker), 07 13, 1957.Google Scholar

⁵² See particularly Kuang-ming Jih-pao, 06 26 and July 21, 1957.Google Scholar

⁵³ Hsin-hua Pan-yueh-k'an, No. 17, p. 176.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ “My Crimes,” Jen-min Jih-pao, 08 6, 1957Google Scholar; SCMP 1596, pp. 35–40.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ “Chang Po-chün—Lo Lung-chi Clique Smashed,” NCNA, 01 19, 1958Google Scholar; SCMP 1699, pp. 27–30Google Scholar. The Democratic League meeting was presided over by League Chairman Shen Chun-ju and was attended by some 200 persons. It was the occasion for the first public announcement that Chang Po-chün and Lo Lung-chi had confessed in writing to “criminal activities against the Communist Party.”

⁵⁶ Ibid. p. 28.

⁵⁷ Hsin-hua Pan-yueh-k'an, No. 17, p. 175.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ “My Crimes,” Jen-min Jih-pao, 08 6, 1957.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Kuang-ming Jih-pao, 06 26, 1957.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Hsin-hua Pan-yueh-k'an, No. 17, p. 175.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Ibid. p. 174.

⁶² Kung-jen Jih-pao, 07 13, 1957.Google Scholar

⁶³ See particularly Kuang-ming Jih-pao, 07 21, 1957.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ “Ch'ien Tuan-sheng and other Rightists of Jurist Clique Bared,” NCNA, 08 21, 1957Google Scholar; SCMP 1624, pp. 26–28Google Scholar. The Shanghai, Wen Hui Pao, 09 13, 1957Google Scholar, lists the names of 34 rightists belonging to legal circles in Peking, See “Shou-tu fa-lü-chieh i-p'i yu-p'ai fen-tzu” (“A Batch of Rightists of Capital Legal Circles”), Ch'ien and Wang T'ieh-yai head the list.

⁶⁵ Hsiang-jui, Kung, “Ch'ien Tuang-sheng hsiao-chi-t'uan te yin-mou ho ‘ta-fa-hsüehyuan’ fang-an” (“The Ch'ien Tuan-sheng clique conspiracy and the ‘Big Law School’ scheme”), Hsin-hua Pan-yueh-k'an, No. 19, 1957, pp. 60–61Google Scholar [reprinted from Jen-min Jih-pao, 08 11, 1957]Google Scholar. Kung is a Peita law professor and former student of Ch'ien. “Wang Tieh-yai's Conspiracy to Reinstate Bourgeois Jurisprudence totally Crushed,” Jen-min Jih-pao, 09 17, 1957Google Scholar; SCMP 1636, pp. 9–10Google Scholar. With regard to Lou Pang-yen's involvement, see “Legal Circles Denouncing Rightists in Forum of July 23rd,” NCNA, 07 23, 1957Google Scholar; SCMP 1598, pp. 37–41.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Hsin-hua Pan-yueh-k'an, No. 17, p. 174.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ “My Crimes,” p. 37.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ NCNA 04 11, 1959Google Scholar; CB 557, p. 21.

⁶⁹ NCNA 09 17, 1959Google Scholar; SCMP 2101, p. 1.

⁷⁰ Chih-i, Chang in “The Situation of the Democratic Parties and Groups in Communist China,” CB 547, 01 27, 1959.Google Scholar

⁷¹ “My Crimes,” p. 38.Google Scholar