¹ A shorter volume had already provided a preview of the full work and can still be recommended for a wider German-reading public: Siemann, Wolfram, Metternich: Staatsmann zwischen Restauration und Moderne (Munich: C.H. Beck, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

² Siemann argues that judgments of “the so-called Metternich system” and of the Carlsbad Decrees “stand or fall” on the question of how far Metternich and the rulers were reacting to “real threats.” Siemann, Wolfram, Metternich: Stratege und Visionär; Eine Biografie (Munich, C. H. Beck, 2016), 642 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. All subsequent references to Siemann are to this volume.

³ For a nuanced treatment of the links and flow of ideas among revolutionary movements in countries ranging from France and Spain to Italy, Greece, and Russia in the 1820s, see Stites, Richard, The Four Horsemen: Riding to Liberty in Post-Napoleonic Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014)Google Scholar.

⁴ Siemann, Metternich, 778–79.

⁵ Sked, Alan, Metternich and Austria: An Evaluation (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 2–6, 9–11, 21–23Google Scholar.

⁶ On Metternich's support for limited reforms and desire to avoid overzealous reactionary measures, see Vick, Brian E., The Congress of Vienna: Power and Politics after Napoleon (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), 240, 246–47, 249–52Google Scholar, and the literature cited there.

⁷ On balance, the shorter version of Siemann's biography places more emphasis on this revision of Metternich's political views. For “consultative monarchy,” see Ghisalberti, Carlo, Dall'antico regime al 1848: Le origini costituzionali dell'Italia moderna (Bari: Laterza, 1987), 124–41Google Scholar; Daum, Werner, introduction to Handbuch der europäischen Verfassungsgeschichte im 19. Jahrhundert: Institutionen und Rechtspraxis im gesellschaftlichen Wandel, ed. Daum, Werner et al. ., vol. 2, 1815–1847 (Bonn: Dietz, 2012), 75–79 Google Scholar.

⁸ See, e.g., Applegate, Celia, A Nation of Provincials: The German Idea of Heimat (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990)Google Scholar; Green, Abigail, Fatherlands: State-Building and Nationhood in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001)Google Scholar; Aaslestad, Katherine B., Place and Politics: Local Identity, Civic Culture, and German Nationalism in North Germany during the Revolutionary Era (Leiden: Brill, 2005)Google Scholar; Planert, Ute, Der Mythos vom Befreiungskrieg: Frankreichs Kriege und der deutsche Süden; Alltag—Wahrnehmung—Deutung 1792–1841 (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2007)Google Scholar. On the role of composite monarchies, see Elliott, J. H., “A Europe of Composite Monarchies,” Past & Present 137 (1992): 48–71 Google Scholar.

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¹⁰ Vick, Brian E., Defining Germany: The 1848 Frankfurt Parliamentarians and National Identity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 110–38Google Scholar.

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¹⁴ Schroeder, Transformation, 459, 461; Siemann, Metternich, 459.

¹⁵ Siemann, Metternich, 504; Schroeder, Paul W., Metternich's Diplomacy at its Zenith, 1820–1823 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1962)Google Scholar.

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¹⁹ Sked, Metternich and Austria, 3, 22.

²⁰ On Gentz as Metternich's “tool,” see Siemann, Metternich, 401.