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Latin American Connections: Recent Work on German Interactions with Latin America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 August 2013

H. Glenn Penny
H. Glenn Penny*
Affiliation:
University of Iowa
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Extract

German interactions with Latin America have a long history. Indeed, early modern historians have demonstrated that people from German-speaking central Europe took part in all aspects of the European conquest of Central and South America. They have shown that these people were critical to mining operations and publishing in sixteenth-century Mexico; they have found them among Portuguese and Spanish sailors and soldiers almost everywhere; and they have located them playing important roles in a wide range of professions from Mexico to the south of Chile.

Type
Review Essay
Information
Central European History , Volume 46 , Issue 2 , June 2013 , pp. 362 - 394
Copyright
Copyright © Central European History Society of the American Historical Association 2013 

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References

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3 Fröschle, Die Deutschen in Lateinamerika, 812.

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14 Gleich, Germany and Latin America, 8.

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16 Gleich, Germany and Latin America, 9. For a more recent take, see Heberlein, Regine I., Writing a National Colony: The Hostility of Inscription in the German Settlement of Lake Llanquihue (Amherst, MA: Cambria Press, 2008)Google Scholar.

17 For more pointed discussion of the consuls and their roles, see Kroyer, Silvia, “Der Beginn der bilateralen diplomatischen Beziehungen in der Formationsphase der Nationalstaaten (1810–1871),” in Die Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und Argentinien, ed. Birle, 53–75Google Scholar.

18 Ibid., 3. For further discussion, see, inter alia, Bernecker, Walther L. and Fischer, Thomas, “Deutsche in Lateinamerika,” in Deutsche im Ausland—Fremde in Deutschland. Migration in Geschichte und Gegenwart, ed. Bade, Klaus J. (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1992), 197–214Google Scholar; and Rinke, “Der letzte freie Kontinent,” 22–23.

19 Daughton, J. P., “When Argentina Was ‘French’: Rethinking Cultural Politics and European Imperialism in Belle-Epoque Buenos Aires,” The Journal of Modern History 80 (December 2008): 831–864CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For the British perspective, see Gallagher, John and Robinson, Ronald, “The Imperialism of Free Trade,” Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 6 (1953): 1–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Knight, Alan, “Britain and Latin America,” in The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 3, The Nineteenth Century, ed. Louis, William Roger (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 122–145CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For a recent debate about Robinson and Gallagher, see Thompson, Andrew, “Informal Empire? An Exploration in the History of Anglo-Argentine Relations, 1810–1914,” Journal of Latin American Studies 24 (1992): 419–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and, for a reply, see Hopkins, A. G., “Informal Empire in Argentina: An Alternative View,” Journal of Latin American Studies 26 (1994): 469CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20 For an excellent introduction into the ways in which this framed Argentinean state history, see Shumway, Nicolas, The Invention of Argentina (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991)Google Scholar.

21 Daughton, “When Argentina Was ‘French,’” 867–868.

22 Rinke, “Der letzte freie Kontinent,” 415.

23 Ibid., 31.

24 Newton, German Buenos Aires.

25 Ibid., 5–6.

26 Ibid., 12.

27 Ibid., 22–29.

28 See, for example, Young, George F. W., The Germans in Chile: Immigration and Colonization, 1849–1914 (Staten Island, NY: Center for Migration Studies New York, 1974)Google Scholar.

29 Buchenau, Jürgen, Tools of Progress: A German Merchant Family in Mexico City, 1865-Present (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2004)Google Scholar.

30 Ibid., 7.

31 Take, for example, the striking history of Colonial Tovar in Venezuela. See, inter alia, Dupouy, Walter, “Analogías entre la colonia Tovar, Venezuela y la colonia de Pozuzo en el Perú,” Boletín de la Asociación Cultural Humboldt—Caracas 4 (1968): 91–123Google Scholar; de Andrade, Sotera López, La Colonia Tovar: Cultura, Identidad y Resistencia (Caracas: FEPUVA-UCV, 2001)Google Scholar; Hauschild, Rita, “Colonia Tovar. Eine anthropologische Vergleichsuntersuchung zwischen einer badischen Siedlung in Venezuela und ihren Heimatsdörfern,” Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie XLII, no. 2 (1950): 211–267Google Scholar; and perhaps most importantly, Koch, Conrad, La Colonia Tovar. Geschichte und Kultur einer alemannischen Siedlung in Venezuela (Chicago: Internationales Kulturinstitut, 1970)Google Scholar. See also Martignon, Laura, Fern und Fremd. Die deutschen Emigranten in Kolumbien, 1939–1945 (Essen: Verlag Blaue Engel, 2001)Google Scholar.

32 This was true, of course, for many other immigrant groups as well. Hoerder, “The German-Language Diasporas,” 31–32; Saint Sauveur-Henn, “Deutsche Einwanderung an den Río de la Plata,” 60–69.

33 For a fantastic window into one such family's experience, see Spitzer, Leo, Hotel Bolivia (New York: Hill & Wang, 1998)Google Scholar.

34 But this did not always happen. See, inter alia, Böhm, Günter, Historia de los Judíos en Chile (Santiago: Andrés Bello, 1984)Google Scholar.

35 Böhm, Günter, Judíos alemanes en la República Argentina durante el siglo XIX (Jerusalem: Proceedings of the 10th World Congress of Jewish Studies, 1990)Google Scholar.

36 See also Zeller, Jessica, “Die Rezeption des Vereins und der Zeitung Vorwärts,” in Wechselseitige Perzeptionen. Deutschland—Lateinamerika im 20. Jahrhundert, ed. Birle, Peter and Schmidt-Welle, Friedhelm (Frankfurt am Main: Vervuert Verlag, 2007), 109–128Google Scholar.

37 Carreras, Sandra, Tarcus, Horacio, and Zeller, Jessica, eds., Los socialistas alemanes y la formación del movimiento obrero argentino: Antología del Vorwärts, 1886–1901/Die deutschen Sozialisten und die Anfänge der argentinischen Arbeiterbewegung. Anthologie des Vorwärts (Buenos Aires 1886–1901), double language ed. (Buenos Aires: Buenos Libros, 2008)Google Scholar.

38 Ibid., 10.

39 Ibid., 70–78, 90–92.

40 Dill, Hans-Otto, Die lateinamerikanische Literatur in Deutschland. Bausteine zu Geschichte ihrer Rezeption (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2009), 21–22Google Scholar. This is not a new insight by any means. Cf. Gleich, Germany and Latin America, 24.

41 Carreras, Sandra, “Zwischen zwei Welten. Deutsche Wissenschaftler in Argentinien (1860–1950),” in Die Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und Argentinien, ed. Birle, 163–182Google Scholar.

42 See, for example, the extensive list of German naturalists, colonists, and others who were connected to Rudolph Philippi, curator of the Chilean National Museum from 1853 to 1897, and who facilitated his efforts there. Gänger, Stefanie, “Colecciones y Estudios de Historia Natural en las Colonias Alemanas de Llanquihue y Valdivia, C. 1853–1910,” HISTORIA 396, no. 1 (2011): 77–102Google Scholar. Gänger estimates that Germans made up twenty-five percent of the productive collecting force around Philippi.

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44 Ibid., 110.

45 For an excellent introduction, see Wüstenbecker, Deutsch-Amerikaner im Ersten Weltkrieg. For a general discussion, see Martin, Percy A., Latin America and the War (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1925)Google Scholar.

46 Bilbao, Santiago A., Rememorando a Roberto Lehmann-Nitsche (Buenos Aires: La Colmena, 2004)Google Scholar; Carreras, “Zwischen zwei Welten.” His collected papers, which have seen considerable attention recently, are held in the Ibero-Amerikanisches Instiut, Berlin.

47 Luebke, Germans in Brazil. For a listing of such associations, see Rinke, “Der letzte freie Kontinent,” 33.

48 Rinke, “Der letzte freie Kontinent,”41.

49 Ibid., 61–69.

50 Ibid., 291.

51 See, inter alia, Bickelmann, Hartmut, Deutsche Überseeauswanderung in der Weimarer Zeit (Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1980)Google Scholar; Illi, Manfred, Die deutsche Auswanderung nach Lateinamerika. Eine Literaturübersicht (Munich: Fink, 1977)Google Scholar; Wolff, Stefan, German Minorities: Ethnic Identity and Cultural Belonging (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2000)Google Scholar.

52 Hoerder, “The German-Language Diasporas,” 29–30.

53 For a classic rehearsal of this argument, see, inter alia, Gleich, Germany and Latin America, 9.

54 Buchenau, Tools of Progress, 101.

55 Ibid., 94.

56 For a detailed discussion of the Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut's origins and importance during the interwar and Nazi periods, see Liehr, Reinhard, Maihold, Günther, and Vollmer, Günter, eds., Ein Institut und sein General. Wilhelm Faupel und das Ibero-Amerikanische Institut in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt am Main: Vervuert, 2003)Google Scholar.

57 Rinke, “Der letzte freie Kontinent,” 486.

58 Newton, German Buenos Aires, 61–69.

59 Rinke, “Der letzte freie Kontinent,” 317–320.

60 Ibid., 321–322.

61 See, inter alia, Blackbourn, David and Retallack, James, eds., Localism, Landscape, and the Ambiguities of Place: German-Speaking Central Europe, 1860–1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

62 Rinke, “Der letzte freie Kontinent,” 337.

63 Ibid., 339–343.

64 Ibid., 363.

65 Ibid., 356.

66 Ibid., 356–358.

67 Ibid., 423.

68 Gleich, Germany and Latin America, 23.

69 Rinke, “Der letzte freie Kontinent,” 425. This was by no means limited to the Southern Cone. See, for example, Buchenau, Tools of Progress, 81–83.

70 See, for example, Buchenau, Tools of Progress, 23; or the discussion in the introduction to Meding and Ismar, eds., Argentinien und das Dritte Reich.

71 Müller, Jürgen, Nationalsozialismus in Lateinamerika. Die Auslandsorganisation der NSDAP in Argentinien, Brasilien, Chile und Mexico, 1931–1945 (Stuttgart: Verlag Hans-Dieter Heinz, 1997)Google Scholar.

72 Ibid., 100–103, 150–153.

73 Ibid., 204, 248–258.

74 Ibid., 276–299.

75 Efron, Gustavo and Brenman, Darío, “Der Nationalsozialismus in der argentinischen Presse in der Zeit von 1933 bis 1945,” in Argentinien und das Dritte Reich, ed. Meding and Ismar, 25–39Google Scholar.

76 Müller, Nationalsozialismus in Lateinamerika, 354–361.

77 For a nice portrait of the implications, see the Columbian novel by Vásquez, Juan Gabriel, The Informers, trans. McLean, Anne (New York: Riverhead Books, 2009)Google Scholar.

78 Lübken, Uwe, Bedrohliche Nähe. Die USA und die nationalsozialistische Herausforderung in Lateinamerika, 1937–1945 (Stuttgart: Fritz Steiner Verlag, 2004)Google Scholar.

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80 Lübken, Bedrohliche Nähe, 47, 55, 60, 69, 71, 73, 87. Cf. also, inter alia, Lübken, Uwe, “Angst vor dem ‘Vierten Reich.’ Argentinien in der Bedrohungswahrnehmung der USA,” in Argentinien und das Dritte Reich, ed. Meding and Ismar, 101–122Google Scholar; Mitchell, Nancy, The Danger of Dreams: German and American Imperialism in Latin America (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1999)Google Scholar; Newton, Ronald C., “The United States, the German-Argentines, and the Myth of the Fourth Reich, 1943–47,” HRAH 64 (1984): 81–103Google Scholar; Newton, Ronald C., “The German-Argentines between Nazism and Nationalism: The Patagonia Plot of 1939,” International History Review 3, no. 1 (1981): 76–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Newton, Ronald C., “Indifferent Sanctuary: German-Speaking Refugees and Exiles in Argentina 1933–1945,” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 24, no. 4 (Nov. 1982): 395–420CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

81 Friedman, Nazis and Good Neighbors.

82 Buchenau, Tools of Progress, 118.

83 Ibid., 131.

84 Glüsing, Jens, Das Guayana-Projekt. Ein deutsches Abenteuer am Amazonas (Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag, 2008)Google Scholar.

85 Ibid., 193.

86 See, inter alia, Kaplan, Marion A., Dominican Haven: The Jewish Refugee Settlement in Sosúa, 1940–1945 (New York: The Museum of Jewish Heritage, 2008)Google Scholar; Dillmann, Hans-Ulrich and Heim, Susanne, Fluchtpunkt Karibik. Jüdische Emigranten in der Dominikanischen Republik (Berlin: Ch. Links, 2009)Google Scholar; and Wells, Allen, Tropical Zion. General Trujillo, FDR, and the Jews of Sosúa (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009)Google Scholar.

87 Hoerder, “The German-Language Diasporas,” 7.

88 Kaplan, Dominican Haven, 4.

89 For an excellent introduction to the challenges these would cause in Nicaragua and some East and West German encounters with them, see Harzer, Erika and Volks, Willi, eds., Aufbruch nach Nicaragua. Deutsch-deutsche Solidarität im Systemwettstreit (Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag, 2008)Google Scholar.

90 Buchenau, Tools of Progress, 139.

91 Rennicke, Stefan, “Täuschen, tarnen, tricksen—Deutsche Unternehmen in Argentinien angesichts der drohenden Kriegserklärung,” in Argentinien und das Dritte Reich, ed. Meding and Ismar, 201–216Google Scholar.

92 Kroyer, Silvia, “Die Enteignung deutscher Vermögen in Argentinien 1945–1965,” in Argentinien und das Dritte Reich, ed. Meding and Ismar, 217–230Google Scholar.

93 Julie Gibbings, “‘Another race more worthy of the present’: History, Race, and Nation in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, c. 1860–1940s” (Ph.D. diss., Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, 2012). See also Christiane Berth, “Biographien und Netzwerke im Kaffeehandel zwischen Deutschland und Zentralamerika, 1920–1959” (Ph.D. diss., Hamburg: University of Hamburg, 2010).

94 Buchenau, Tools of Progress, 157.

95 Dill, Die lateinamerikanische Literatur in Deutschland.

96 For a good introduction to these relations, see, inter alia, Harzer and Volks, eds., Aufbruch nach Nicaragua.

97 Dill, Die lateinamerikanische Literatur in Deutschland, 43.

98 Kirsten, Jens, Lateinamerikanische Literatur in der DDR. Publikations- und Wirkungsgeschichte (Berlin: Ch. Links, 2004)Google Scholar.

99 Dill, Die lateinamerikanische Literatur in Deutschland, 65, 69, 80–84. Dill details a compelling series of “waves” of interest tied to particular authors and international events.

100 Birle and Schmidt-Welle, eds., Wechselseitige Perzeptionen. There are many others. See, inter alia, Bader, Wolfgang, ed., Deutsch-brasilianische Kulturbeziehungen. Bestandsaufnahme, Herausforderungen, Perspektiven (Frankfurt: Vervuert Verlag, 2010)Google Scholar.

101 Krumpel, Heinz, “Zur Aneignung und Verwandlung des philosophischen Denkens aus dem deutschsprachigen Kulturraum,” in Wechselseitige Perzeptionen, ed. Birle and Schmidt-Welle, 15–46Google Scholar.

102 Nitschack, Horst, “Walter Benjamin in Lateinamerika. Eine widersprüchliche Erfolgsgeschichte,” in Wechselseitige Perzeptionen, ed. Birle and Schmidt-Welle, 47–78Google Scholar.

103 Rodríguez, Dario and Torres, Javier, “Autopoiesis, die Einheit einer Differenz. Luhmann und Maturana,” in Wechselseitige Perzeptionen, ed. Birle and Schmidt-Welle, 79–108Google Scholar.

104 Zweig, Stefan, The World of Yesterday (New York: Viking, 1943)Google Scholar.

105 Hein, Kerstin, Hybride Identitäten. Bastelbiografien im Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Lateinamerika und Europa (Bielefeld: Transcript, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

106 Ibid., 174–176, 218–220.

107 Ibid., 127–129.

108 Ibid., 258.

109 Zahra, Kidnapped Souls.

110 Alyssa Park, “Borderland Beyond: Korean Migrants and the Creation of a Modern Boundary between Korea and Russia, 1860–1937” (Ph.D. diss., New York: Columbia University, 2009).

111 Hein, Hybride Identitäten, 69.