¹ After 1348, the Prague conurbation encompassed three administratively independent municipalities: Old, New, and Lesser Towns. During the Hussite period, attempts were made to unify the towns politically; however, these reforms were short-lived. For reasons of practicality, this article will refer to the entire conurbation as “Prague.” More detailed distinctions between the individual towns will only be made where necessary.

² Cf. only Václav Ledvinka and Jiří Pešek, Prag (Prague: Lídové Noviny, 2000), 143–56; Paul Crossley and Zoë Opačić, “Prague as a New Capital,” in Prague: The Crown of Bohemia 1347–1437, ed. Barbara Drake Boehm and Jiří Fajt (New Haven and London: Yale University Press 2005), 59–73.

³ Graus, František, Český obchod se suknem ve 14. a počátkem 15. století: K otázce významu středověkého obchodu (Prague: Melantrich, 1950), 70–74Google Scholar; Moraw, Peter, “Monarchie und Bürgertum,” in Kaiser Karl IV.: Staatsmann und Mäzen, ed. Seibt, Ferdinand, 2nd ed. (Munich: Prestel, 1978), 43–63Google Scholar, 438–39; Peter Moraw, “Räte und Kanzlei,” in Seibt, Kaiser Karl IV., 285–92, 460.

⁴ Wolfgang von Stromer, “Der kaiserliche Kaufmann: Wirtschaftspolitik unter Karl IV.,” in Seibt, ed., Kaiser Karl IV., 63–73, 439–40; Gerhard Theuerkauf, “Brandenburg, Böhmen und die Elbregion: Zur Handelsgeschichte des späten Mittelalters,” in Die Hanse und der deutsche Osten, ed. Norbert Angermann (Lüneburg: Nordostdeutsches Kulturwerk, 1990) 67–78; Ulrich List, “Goldene Straße,” Historisches Lexikon Bayerns, March 1, 2010 (http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Goldene_Straße). Most recently Miloš Dvořák, “Císař Karel IV. a pražský zahraniční obchod,” Pražský sborník historický 34 (2006): 7–91; 35 (2007): 7–61. Dvořák strives to correct older negative assessments of Prague's role in domestic and international trade, represented, for instance, by František Graus, “Prag als Mitte Böhmens 1346–1421,” in Zentralität als Problem der mittelalterlichen Stadtgeschichtsforschung, ed. Emil Meynen (Cologne and Vienna: Böhlau, 1979), 22–47.

⁵ Pick, Franz, “Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Stadt Prag im Mittelalter, part 2, Das Gästerecht,” Mitteilungen des Vereines für Geschichte der Deutschen in Böhmen 44 (1906): 443–44Google Scholar.

⁶ Jaromír Čelakovský, ed., Codex iuris municipalis regni Bohemiae, vol. 1 (Prague: Dr. Edvard Grégr, 1886) 176–79 (no. 111; Žebrák, January 25, 1393). All imported merchandise had to be inspected in the Týn, the central customhouse next to the Old Town Square. Franz Pick, “Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Stadt Prag im Mittelalter, part 1, Das Prager Ungeld im 14. Jahrhundert,” Mitteilungen des Vereines für Geschichte der Deutschen in Böhmen 44 (1906): 277–321; Graus, Český obchod se suknem ve 14. a počátkem 15. století, 62–66.

⁷ Historiography on the Hussite Revolution is abundant. The most recent synthesis in Czech is Čornej, Petr, Velké dějiny zemí Koruny české, vol. 5, 1402–1437 (Prague: Paseka, 2000)Google Scholar; in German, František Šmahel, Die Hussitische Revolution, 3 vols. (Hanover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2002). An up-to-date English-language survey on Hussite theology and religious practice is now provided by A Companion to the Hussites, ed. Michael Van Dussen and Pavel Soukup (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2020).

⁸ For a concise depiction of the history of events in German, Seibt, Ferdinand, “Die Zeit der Luxemburger und die hussitische Revolution,” in Handbuch der Geschichte der Böhmischen Länder, vol. 1, Die Böhmischen Länder von der archaischen Zeit bis zum Ausgang der hussitischen Revolution, ed. Bosl, Karl (Stuttgart: Anton Hirsemann, 1967), 512–36Google Scholar; in English, Frederick G. Heymann, “The Crusades against the Hussites,” in A History of the Crusades, vol. 3, The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, ed. Kenneth M. Setton and Harry W. Hazard (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 586–647.

⁹ Most recently, František Šmahel, Die Basler Kompaktaten mit den Hussiten (1436). Untersuchung und Edition (Wiesbaden: Harassowitz, 2019).

¹⁰ Kaar, Alexandra, Wirtschaft, Krieg und Seelenheil: Papst Martin V., Kaiser Sigismund und das Handelsverbot gegen die Hussiten in Böhmen (Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar: Böhlau, 2020)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. An English-language synopsis in Kaar, Alexandra, “Embargoing ‘Heretics’ in Fifteenth-Century Central Europe: The Case of Hussite Bohemia,” Journal of Medieval History 46, no. 4 (2020): 1–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹ The council of Pavia-Siena's fundamental 1423 decree on the embargo is already discussed in Wácslaw Wladivoj Tomek, Dějepis města Prahy, vol. 4 (Prague: František Řiwnáč, 1879), 305. See note 19.

¹² Zikmund Winter, Dějiny řemesel a obchodu v Čechách v 14. a 15. století (Prague: Česká Akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění, 1906), 892–95.

¹³ Volf, Miloslav, “Příspěvky k historii obchodních styků s cizinou ve středověku. Obchod solí,” Časopis společnosti přátel starožitností československých v Praze 44 (1936): 35–37Google Scholar; Hans Schenk, Nürnberg und Prag. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Handelsbeziehungen im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert (Wiesbaden: Harassowitz, 1969), 75–80; Miloslav Polívka, “K ‘černému obchodu’ s kutnohorskou mědí v husitské době,” Časopis Matice Moravské 113 (1994): 25–34; Miloslav Polívka, “Wirtschaftliche Beziehungen Nürnbergs mit den ‘böhmischen Ketzern’ in den Jahren 1419 bis 1434: Haben die Nürnberger mit den Hussiten Handel betrieben?,” Mitteilungen des Vereins für Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg 86 (1999): 1–19; Dvořák, “Císař Karel IV.,” 34 (2006): 32–33, 36, 48–49, and 35 (2007): 15, 24–26, 40–42. A notable exception is Josef Janáček's nuanced treatment of the subject, Josef Janáček, “Der böhmische Aussenhandel in der Hälfte [sic] des 15. Jahrhunderts,” Historica 4 (1962): 43–47.

¹⁴ Eberhard, Winfried, “Der Weg zur Koexistenz. Kaiser Sigmund und das Ende der hussitischen Revolution,” Bohemia 33 (1992): 5–6Google Scholar, based on Josef Macek, Jean Hus et les traditions hussites (XVe–XIXe siècles) (Paris: Plon, 1973), 185.

¹⁵ Čornej, Petr, “Epidemie a kalamity v letech 1419–1471 očima českých kronikářů,” Documenta Pragensia 7 (1987): 201–2Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Jaroslav Čechura, “Mor, krize a husitská revoluce,” Český časopis historický 92 (1994): 300–1.

¹⁷ See note 67.

¹⁸ On this “papal embargo” recently, Stefan K. Stantchev, Spiritual Rationality: Papal Embargo as Cultural Practice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).

¹⁹ Werner Brandmüller, ed., Das Konzil von Pavia-Siena (1423–1424), vol. 2, Quellen (Münster: Aschendorff, 1974), 20–2 (no. 3; Pavia, November 8, 1423): “omnesque et singulos eisdem [hereticis] … quecumque victualia, species aromaticas et pannos, sal, plumbum, pulveres bumbardarum vel arma sive instrumenta bellica, seu res alias quascumque adducentes … penis et damnacionibus contra hereticos promulgatis fore obnoxios.” English translation Thomas A. Fudge, The Crusade against Heretics in Bohemia (1418–1437) (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002), 171–73 (no. 98).

²⁰ Kaar, Wirtschaft, Krieg und Seelenheil, 102–6.

²¹ Cf., for instance, Dvořák, “Císař Karel IV.,” 35 (2007): 24, who refers to the 1423 decree to back up his reconstruction of merchandise shipped between Nuremberg (!) and Prague in the fourteenth and fifteenth century.

²² This seems to be the case with the reference to gunpowder. Cf. Kaar, Wirtschaft, Krieg und Seelenheil, 105.

²³ A graphic illustration is, for instance, the description of the embargo's effects on the trade between the Bavarian town of Passau and Bohemia in Paul Praxl, Der Goldene Steig (Grafenau: Morsak, 1983), 13. The author claims that international trade “almost came to a halt” during the Hussite Wars because the forest tracks traditionally used to transport salt from Bavaria to western Bohemia were “barred and barricaded.” To my knowledge, there is no contemporary account attesting to an actual blockade of the Bavarian border passes. Most probably the author based his description on a 1434 privilege for Passau (Passau City Archives, I. Urkunden, no. 496 [Regensburg, September 14, 1434]). In this document, Emperor Sigismund orders the city's merchants to supervise traffic on the so-called “Golden Track” to prevent merchandise from being delivered to the Hussites. A royal order is thus transformed into a description of the embargo's effects, an approach one also encounters in many other works on the anti-Hussite embargo.

²⁴ For an instructive exception, see note 55.

²⁵ Jaroslav Goll, ed., “Vavřince z Březové Kronika Husitská,” in Fontes Rerum Bohemicarum, vol. 5 (FRB 5 hereafter) (Prague: Edv. Valečka, 1893), 327–541. Cf. now the English translation by Thomas A. Fudge, Origins of the Hussite Uprising: The Chronicle of Laurence of Březová (1414–1421) (London and New York: Routledge, 2020).

²⁶ The Annals survive in different versions with a complicated transmission history. Cf. the overview by Petr Čornej, “Původní vrstva starých letopisů českých,” in Staré letopisy české: texty nejstarší vrstvy, ed. Alena M. Černá et al. (Prague: Filosofia, 2003), VII–XLIII, and at note 109.

²⁷ Jaroslav Goll, ed., “Kronika Bartoška z Drahonic,” in FRB 5, 589–628.

²⁸ Wolfgang von Stromer, Oberdeutsche Hochfinanz 1350–1450, 3 vols. (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1970). Specifically on trade with Prague see Schenk, Nürnberg und Prag; Dvořák, “Císař Karel IV.,” e.g. 35 (2007): 24–26.

²⁹ Nuremberg, State Archives, Reichsstadt Nürnberg, Briefbücher des Inneren Rates (StAN BB), nos. 5–12.

³⁰ See the seminal analysis by Polívka, “Wirtschaftliche Beziehungen Nürnbergs mit den ‘böhmischen Ketzern’ in den Jahren 1419 bis 1434.” This article is not, however, free from over-interpretation. See note 86 for an example concerning Prague.

³¹ Schenk, Nürnberg und Prag, 6–9. The especially valuable Prague City Archives’ manuscript no. 2099 (“Memorial Book”) was unfortunately lost in 1945 and can now be used only through the mediation of the prewar historiography.

³² Hana Pátková, ed., Berní knihy Starého Města pražského 1427–1434 (Berní knihy with no author hereafter) (Prague: Scriptorium, 1996), 147–72. Unfortunately, the analogous manuscript Prague City Archives, no. 989 from Prague's New Town does not contain any data for the years 1419 to 1434.

³³ Josef Pelikán, ed., Účty hradu Karlštejna z let 1423–1434 (Účty with no author hereafter) (Prague: Státní historický ústav v Praze, 1948), and Rostislav Nový, “Doplňky k ‘Účtům hradu Karlštejna z let 1423–1434,’” Folia Historica Bohemica 10 (1986): 193–203.

³⁴ Jaroslav Čechura, “Zum Konsumniveau in Ostmittel- und Westmitteleuropa in der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts,” in Westmitteleuropa, Ostmitteleuropa. Vergleiche und Beziehungen. Festschrift für Ferdinand Seibt zum 65. Geburtstag, ed. Winfried Eberhard et al. (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1992), 180–84; Miloš Garkisch, “Běžný život na hradě Karlštejně za husitských válek ve světle hradních účtů,” in Sborník k poctě Evy a Karla Waskových, západočeských archivářů, ed. Marie Wasková (Plzeň: Marie Wasková, 2011), 86–89.

³⁵ Only the Karlštejn account books systematically record the purchase of cloth and spices. The latter are mentioned so frequently that it is not feasible to enumerate the individual evidence. Cloth from Aachen: Účty, 157; from Leuven: Účty, 69; from Nuremberg: Účty, 69, 87. Bouccasin: Účty, 22, 69, 129, 162. On one occasion the garrison exchanged cloth from Mechelen for beer and Austrian wine in Prague: Účty, 23–24. Silk: Účty, 69, 129, 161. “Gallic” wine: Účty, 131, 133. “Roman” wine: Berní knihy, 160–67, 169, 171. Wine from Austria: Účty, 105; from Greece: Účty, 130; Berní knihy, 153, 159, 163, 166–67, 169. Malvasia: Berní knihy, 158–61, 163–71. Other sweet wine: Účty, 157, 163; Berní knihy, 160, 164. Figs: Účty, 21, 130; Berní knihy, 159, 163, 166–67, 169, 171. Almonds: Účty, 130; Berní knihy, 153, 159, 161, 163, 166–67, 169, 171. Rice: Účty, 130; Berní knihy, 153, 161, 163, 166–67.

³⁶ In 1424, one of these merchants brought, among other things, a consignment of figs, almonds, raisins, and olive oil to the castle, Účty, 37. See also note 78.

³⁷ “Świdnica” beer: Účty, 163; “Zittau” beer: Účty, 56, 64.

³⁸ Čechura, “Konsumniveau,” 183; Garkisch, “Běžný život,” 89. However, the entries concerning “Zittau” beer specifically cover delivery. It seems possible that the carters in question shipped beer directly from Upper Lusatia to Karlštejn.

³⁹ Kaar, Wirtschaft, Krieg und Seelenheil, 148.

⁴⁰ John of Ragusa, “Tractatus quomodo Bohemi reducti sunt ad unitatem ecclesiae,” in Monumenta conciliorum generalium seculi decimi quinti. Concilium Basilieense. Scriptorum, vol. 1, ed. Ernst Birk and František Palacký (Vienna: Officina Typographica Aulae et Status, 1857), 141 (no. 72; Nuremberg; January 5, 1432).

⁴¹ Birk and Palacký, Monumenta conciliorum generalium, 1:141: “victualia tamen habent [Hussitae] in vino, pane, vestitu, sale et hujusmodi in notabili copia…. Species aromaticae solum in Bohemia sunt carissimae.”

⁴² Čechura, “Mor, krize a husitská revoluce,” 301.

⁴³ On the development of prices for high-end commodities in general, cf. the material collected by Graus, Český obchod se suknem ve 14. a počátkem 15. století, 93–105; František Graus, Dějiny venkovského lidu v Čechách v době předhusitské, vol. 2, Dějiny venkovského lidu od poloviny 13. století do roku 1419 (Prague: NČSAV, 1957), 421–30.

⁴⁴ František Graus, “Die Handelsbeziehungen Böhmens zu Deutschland und Österreich im 14. und zu Beginn des 15. Jahrhunderts: Eine Skizze,” Historica 2 (1960): 105–10; Schenk, Nürnberg und Prag, 44–46; Peter Spufford, Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe, 4th ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 110–11, 124–25, 137–38, 269–70 and 343.

⁴⁵ Jiří Kejř, Právní život v husitské Kutné Hoře (Prague: NČSAV, 1958), 89–90; Šmahel, Die Hussitische Revolution, 2:1165–66, 1228–33. Between 1421 and 1424, Kutná Hora was under the direct control of Prague, before the Hussite radicals seized control of the town. Cf. as well Petr Čornej, Lipanská křižovatka. Příčiny, průběh a historický význam jedné bitvy (Prague: Lidové noviny, 1992), 61–63, and Šmahel, Die Hussitische Revolution, 1:127–35 for the economic consequences of the ensuing mining crisis.

⁴⁶ Kejř, Právní život v husitské Kutné Hoře, 90–94.

⁴⁷ František Palacký, ed., Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte der Hussitenkriege in Böhmen, vol. 1 (Prague: Friedrich Tempsky, 1873), 333–34 (no. 290; Diósgyőr, March 30 or early April 1424); dating deduced from Sigismund's itinerary as reconstructed by Pál Engel and Norbert C. Tóth, ed., Itineraria regum et reginarum (1382–1438) (Budapest: Kiadja a Magyar Tudományos Akad., 2005), 115–16.

⁴⁸ Lothar Suhling, “Verhüttung silberhaltiger Kupfererze,” in Europäische Technik im Mittelalter 800–1400: Tradition und Innovation. Ein Handbuch, ed. Ute Lindgren (Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 1996), 272–76.

⁴⁹ Danuta Molenda, “Der polnische Bleibergbau und seine Bedeutung für den europäischen Bleimarkt vom 12. bis 17. Jahrhundert,” in Montanwirtschaft Mitteleuropas vom 12. bis 17. Jahrhundert. Stand, Wege und Aufgaben der Forschung, ed. Werner Kroker and Ekkehard Westermann (Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, 1984), 194.

⁵⁰ Karl Siegl, ed., “Briefe und Urkunden zur Geschichte der Hussitenkriege: Aus dem Egerer Stadtarchive,” Zeitschrift des deutschen Vereines für die Geschichte Mährens und Schlesiens 22 (1918): 56 (no. 23; Zdice, ca. October 16, 1424).

⁵¹ Polívka, “K ‘černému obchodu’ s kutnohorskou mědí v husitské době,” 25–34. Only the account books for the years 1432–1434 survive.

⁵² Polívka, “K ‘černému obchodu’ s kutnohorskou mědí v husitské době,” 30.

⁵³ Polívka, “K ‘černému obchodu’ s kutnohorskou mědí v husitské době,” 30; StAN BB, no. 12, f. 145v –146r (Nuremberg, March 5, 1436). Cf. Schenk, Nürnberg und Prag, 163.

⁵⁴ Cf. notes 73 and 74.

⁵⁵ Saxonian State Archives Dresden (StAD), 10001 Ältere Urkunden, no. 6012 (Rome, January 15, 1426); Augustin Theiner, ed., Vetera monumenta historica Hungariam sacram illustrantia, vol. 2, Ab Innocentio PP. VI. usque ad Clementem PP. VII., 1352–1526 (Rome: Typ. Vaticanis, 1870), 209 (no. 367; Rome, January 9, 1431).

⁵⁶ StAD, 10001 Ältere Urkunden, no. 6012: “libros, calices, campanas aut etiam ecclesiarum et monasteriorum ac sacrorum locorum ecclesiasticarumque personarum predictorum bona.” Theiner, Vetera monumenta historica Hungariam sacram illustrantia, 2:209: “calices, cruces, monstrancias, iocalia, paramenta, ornamenta et quecunque alia clenodia ad ornatum et usum ecclesiarum spectancia et pertinencia.”

⁵⁷ Martin Musílek, “Die Handelskontakte der Prager Bürger in der Zeit um 1400,” in Die Prager Pietà in Bern, ed. Susan Marti et al. (Prague: Národní galerie v Praze, 2018), 115–25.

⁵⁸ Milena Bartlová, “Hussite Iconoclasm,” in From Hus to Luther: Visual Culture in the Bohemian Reformation (1380–1620), ed. Kateřina Horníčková and Michal Šroněk (Turnhout: Brepols, 2016), 57–70.

⁵⁹ Exiled Catholic merchants from Prague, however, assisted in the monetizing of the treasures some religious communities managed to salvage from Bohemia, cf. Ondřej Vodička, “‘Und ap es geschege, das es wieder gut zu behem wurde.’ Katoličtí exulanti z husitských měst,” in Středověké město: politické proměny a sociální inovace, ed. Martin Nodl (Prague: Filosofia, 2019), 25–28.

⁶⁰ Garkisch, “Běžný život,” 79.

⁶¹ For an example cf. note 78.

⁶² Účty, 163. On the dating of this and the following entries, see Účty, 7. This Janko may be the same as one Jan, who according to Vácslav Vladivoj Tomek, Dějepis města Prahy, vol. 5, 2nd ed. (Prague: Fr. Řivnáč, 1905), 83, held the position of Týn notary in 1428. It seems worth noting here that the post of Týn notary was obviously occupied during the Hussite Wars, suggesting that the custom house was functioning.

⁶³ Účty, 161 (June 16, 1434). The transaction took place in Rokycana's house in Prague.

⁶⁴ Účty, 162–63.

⁶⁵ Šmahel, Die Basler Kompaktaten mit den Hussiten (1436), 17.

⁶⁶ Rudolf Wolkan, ed., Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini. Briefe aus der Laienzeit (1431–1445), vol. 1, Privatbriefe (Vienna: Hölder, 1909), 443 (no. 159*; Wiener Neustadt, October 31, 1444): The author asks his Prague correspondent to buy a bible for him in Bohemia because he had been told “that there are some small and poor priests [in Bohemia], who possess books like the ones I desire, and who—out of need—sell them cheaply.” (“Relatum est mihi, [apud Bohemos] plures presbiterculos esse, qui libros venales habent et, sicut paupertas facit, non multum eris exigunt.”) I am grateful to Maria Theisen for drawing my attention to this letter.

⁶⁷ Jaromír Čelakovský and Gustav Friedrich, ed., Codex iuris municipalis regni Bohemiae, vol. 3 (CIM 3) (Prague: Dr. Eduard Grégr a syn, 1948), 40–42 (no. 28; Nuremberg, September 7, 1422).

⁶⁸ Čelakovský and Friedrich, CIM 3: “zapisujem a zastavujem … mýto naše, kteréž z věcí kupeckých z Bavor, z Frank, z Řezna a z jiných krajin do krajiny města předřečeného Střiebra sstupujíce k Praze a zacse do oněch zemí vezeny bývachu.”

⁶⁹ Horšovský Týn: Antonín Haas, ed., Codex iuris municipalis regni Bohemiae, vol. 4, no. 1 (CIM 4.1) (Prague: NČAV, 1954), 335 (no. 228; Nuremberg, August 22, 1422). Přimda: CIM 4.1, 337–38 (no. 230; Regensburg, October 1, 1422). Most: CIM 3, 80–82 (no. 57; Nuremberg, March 13, 1431).

⁷⁰ České Budějovice, County Archives, České Budějovice City Archives, listiny, no. 1426/1 (Vienna, June 8, 1426); Palacký, Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte der Hussitenkriege in Böhmen, 2:248–49 (no. 770; Vienna, November 8, 1431).

⁷¹ Birk and Palacký, Monumenta conciliorum generalium, 1:141 (no. 72; Nuremberg, January 5, 1432): “[Victualia etc.] eis [Hussitis] per falsos Christianos adducuntur.”

⁷² See Janáček, “Der böhmische Aussenhandel in der Hälfte [sic] des 15. Jahrhunderts,” 47; Kaar, Wirtschaft, Krieg und Seelenheil, 309–11. The numismatic evidence also attests to the increased importance of Bohemia's western border regions for international trade. Several mid-fifteenth-century coin hoards from western Bohemia show conspicuous quantities of gold coins characteristic of international long-distance trade. Roman Zaoral, “Nálezy zlatých mincí grošového období na území Čech. Příspěvek k oběhu uherských dukátů v Čechách,” Slovenská numizmatika 11 (1990): 121–27 with map 2.

⁷³ Polívka, “K ‘černému obchodu’s kutnohorskou mědí v husitské době,” 29–30.

⁷⁴ Polívka, “Wirtschaftliche Beziehungen Nürnbergs mit den ‘böhmischen Ketzern’ in den Jahren 1419 bis 1434,” 11–12.

⁷⁵ Birk and Palacký, Monumenta conciliorum generalium, 1:217 (no. 119; Nuremberg, April 21, 1432).

⁷⁶ Gilles Charlier, “Liber de legationibus concilii Basiliensis,” in Monumenta conciliorum generalium, vol. 1, ed. Ernst Birk and František Palacký (no. 165; Basel, April 1433), 380.

⁷⁷ Miloslav Polívka, “Plzeň v závěru husitské revoluce,” in Plzeň v husitské revoluci: Hilaria Litoměřického “Historie města Plzně,” její edice a historický rozbor, ed. Josef Hejnic and Miloslav Polívka (Prague: ÚČSSD ČSAV, 1987), 285.

⁷⁸ Účty, 16, 28, 35, 37, 39, 48, 73, 77, 80. Cf. note 36.

⁷⁹ StAN BB, no. 8, f. 3v (Nuremberg, January 10, 1428).

⁸⁰ Kaar, Wirtschaft, Krieg und Seelenheil, 117.

⁸¹ Šmahel, Die Hussitische Revolution, 2:1161.

⁸² Port even seems to have claimed later that he had obtained Prague citizenship. However, it is unknown if and at what point he did become a Prague burgher, and what motivated his decision.

⁸³ Kolovrat resided at Krašov Castle on the river Berounka. The Berounka constituted an important line of communication between western and central Bohemia, passing Beroun and Karlštejn, and eventually entering the Vltava just south of Prague.

⁸⁴ Hans Imhoff's arrest is notorious in scholarship on the anti-Hussite embargo. Cf. most recently, Kaar, Wirtschaft, Krieg und Seelenheil, 263–69.

⁸⁵ StAN BB, no. 7, f. 108r. Edition: Palacký, Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte der Hussitenkriege in Böhmen, 1:475 (no. 420; Nuremberg, October 18, 1426): “[Your Well-born wrote us], wie derselb Hanns Imm Hof die veynd Gots, der ganzen cristenheit und unsers gnedigisten herren des römischen etc. künigs gesterckt, in kawffmanschaft, speczerey und andre dink zugefürt und geraicht sülle haben.” The term kaufmannschaft points to high-end commodities, as opposed to victuals and other bulk goods.

⁸⁶ StAN BB, no. 7, f. 114r; Palacký, Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte der Hussitenkriege in Böhmen, 1:477 (no. 424, Nuremberg, November 9, 1426): “Als her Hanns Colowrat denselben Hansen Im Hof gefangen hat und in beschuldigt, daz er den von Prage und Hussen speczerey czugefürt süll haben….” If this distinction is not accidental, this could mean that the exceptionally well-informed Kolovrat accused his prisoner not only of entertaining illicit relations with the capital, but also with the Hussite radicals in western Bohemia.

⁸⁷ Cf., for instance, StAN BB, no. 10, f. 19v–20r, 21r–v, 23v–24v, 33v–34r. (Nuremberg, July 28–August 26, 1432), concerning the imprisonment of the Nuremburg burgher Hans Tollinger at Švamberk Castle in western Bohemia. Polívka, “Wirtschaftliche Beziehungen Nürnbergs mit den ‘böhmischen Ketzern’ in den Jahren 1419 bis 1434,” 16, claims that Tollinger was detained for sanction-breaking; however, the letters mention neither Hussites nor illicit trade.

⁸⁸ Sanction-breakers were regarded as aiding and abetting heretics, by which they committed treason to the Christian faith. In consequence, they were to be prosecuted like heretics themselves.

⁸⁹ StAN BB, no. 8, f. 117r (Nuremberg, February 26, 1429).

⁹⁰ Winter, Dějiny řemesel a obchodu v Čechách v 14. a 15. století, 894.

⁹¹ See note 31.

⁹² Winter, Dějiny řemesel a obchodu v Čechách v 14. a 15. století, 894: merchants from Świdnica and Wrocław coming to an agreement before the Old Town council in 1435; one Nicolas Krucburg from Zittau sued for saffron owed in Prague in 1436. The latter could be identical with “Nicolas Crewczburg of Prague,” who in 1421 conducted business in Wrocław, sending sable skins from Zittau to Görlitz. Otto Stobbe, ed., “Mitteilungen aus den Breslauer Signaturbüchern,” Zeitschrift des Vereins für Geschichte und Alterthum Schlesiens 7 (1866): 191 (Wrocław, January 2, 1421). On such exiles cf. as well note 94.

⁹³ Šmahel, Die Hussitische Revolution, 2:1159; Vodička, “‘Und ap es geschege, das es wieder gut zu behem wurde.’ Katoličtí exulanti z husitských měst,” 17. Specifically on the Old Town, Martin Musílek, “Formy komunikace doby husitské: listy pražských obcí proti odběhlým měšťanům aneb vysoká hra o velké majetky,” in Komunikace ve středověkých městech, ed. Martin Čapský et al. (Opava: Slezská univerzita, 2014), 153.

⁹⁴ For examples cf. Vodička, “‘Und ap es geschege, das es wieder gut zu behem wurde.’ Katoličtí exulanti z husitských měst,” 17–36.

⁹⁵ Goll, “Vavřince z Březové Kronika Husitská,” 379: “Ex recessu itaque voluntario et non voluntario hospitum multarum domorum potus diversi, blada ceteraque ad victum spectancia, que pro adventu regis Hungarorum et aliorum hospitum Pragam procurata propter lucrum fuerant, sunt derelicta.” Laurence reports that confiscated “old beer,” as well as Malvasia and French, Austrian, and domestic wines were subsequently sold at the Old Town council's behest at a favorable price.

⁹⁶ Alexandra Kaar, “Business as Usual? Sigismund's Trade Privileges for the Royal Towns of Bohemia,” Husitský Tábor 22 (2018): 39–40 with table 2 at page 50.

⁹⁷ Miloslav Polívka, “Prager Waffenhandwerke des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts. Zum Stand und zu den Veränderungen in der Hussitenzeit,” in Das Andere Wahrnehmen. Beiträge zur europäischen Geschichte. August Nitschke zum 65. Geburtstag, ed. Martin Kintzinger et al. (Cologne, Weimar, and Vienna: Böhlau, 1991), 320.

⁹⁸ Účty, 22, 129, 155.

⁹⁹ Účty, 37, 73. On both occasions, sulfur and saltpeter were bought from the merchant Conrad, who presumably came from Nuremberg (cf. note 77). The other entries in question on pages 30, 38, 62, and 67 do not indicate where exactly the material for the armament of the castle's cannons was bought, though the cinders mentioned on page 62 seem to have been produced locally.

¹⁰⁰ Polívka, “Prager Waffenhandwerke des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts. Zum Stand und zu den Veränderungen in der Hussitenzeit,” 320–21.

¹⁰¹ Kaar, Wirtschaft, Krieg und Seelenheil, 157–58. Significantly, the prisoners came from Salzburg. Merchants from this town traditionally mediated part of the trade between Europe's principal supplier of saltpeter, Venice, and the kingdom of Bohemia.

¹⁰² Polívka, “Prager Waffenhandwerke des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts. Zum Stand und zu den Veränderungen in der Hussitenzeit,” 316.

¹⁰³ Účty, 22, 46, 72, 78, 113, 136.

¹⁰⁴ Účty, 22 and 78.

¹⁰⁵ Účty, 46, 72, 113.

¹⁰⁶ František Šimek, ed., Staré letopisy české z vratislavského rukopisu novočeským pravopisem (Prague: Historický spolek, 1937), 32–33: “At the time [of the siege], everything was cheap in Prague except for salt; everything else was in abundance and especially wine and bread and silver.” (“Té chvíle bylo v Praze všecko lacino kromě jediné soli; ale jiného všecho dosti v hojnosti bylo, a zvláště víno, chléb a střiebro.”) Cf. as well František Šimek and Miloslav Kaňák, ed., Staré letopisy české z rukopisu Křižovnického (Prague: SNKLHU, 1959), 63.

¹⁰⁷ Palacký, Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte der Hussitenkriege in Böhmen, 1:497–98, at 497 (no. 434; Zittau, April 12, 1427): “Lord John of Vartenberk reports that food in general is very expensive in Prague, especially salt. For a bushel of salt, one has to pay one score and 20 groschen.” (“Ouch … zo saget her John von Wartenberg[,] daz allerley spyse koff czu male tawir sey in Praga[.] Sunderlich eynen scheffel salcz mus man kouffen vm eyn schock vnd XX groschen.”)

¹⁰⁸ Šimek, Staré letopisy české z vratislavského rukopisu novočeským pravopisem, 33: “For the king's army, however, everything was expensive, even if the soldiers received [supplies] from almost everywhere. Notably, they had to buy bread and beer at a high price.” (“U vojště pak králově, kakž koli jim téměř odevšad vezli, však jest [sic] pro to draho bylo, a zvláště chléb a pivo, to jim draho bylo.”) Cf. as well Šimek and Kaňák, Staré letopisy české z rukopisu Křižovnického, 63.

¹⁰⁹ František Michal Bartoš, “Úvod,” in Šimek, Staré letopisy české z vratislavského rukopisu novočeským pravopisem, IV–XVI; Šimek and Kaňák, Staré letopisy české z rukopisu Křižovnickéh, 10, 14–18; Čornej, “Původní vrstva starých letopisů českých,” XX. The two manuscripts containing the passage in question were compiled several decades after the events. It should be noted that neither the eyewitness Laurence of Březová nor the oldest, almost contemporary versions of the Annals say anything about the supply conditions in the besieged capital.

¹¹⁰ The author's confidant was a member of a well-connected Catholic noble family from northern Bohemia. It is easily possible that he had traveled to Prague in person, although the letter does not say so explicitly.

¹¹¹ On the history of events Šmahel, Die Hussitische Revolution, 2:1398–407.

¹¹² Berní knihy, 168, 172, quote at 168: “pro communitate … in necessariis.” Cf. as well an entry mentioning the purchase of gunpowder, Berní knihy, 149. There is a strong possibility that the powder accounted for in Účty, 30, without place of purchase was bought in Prague as well.

¹¹³ Wácslaw Wladiwoj Tomek, Základy starého mistopisu Pražského, vol. 2, Nowé město Pražské (Prague: Dr. Edward Grégr, 1870), 300: “Mathias parans pulveres.”

¹¹⁴ Cf. note 40.

¹¹⁵ Gustav Beckmann, ed., Deutsche Reichstagsakten, vol. 11, Deutsche Reichstagsakten unter Kaiser Sigmund (1433–1435) (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1898), 268 (no. 139; Basel, November 9, 1433).

¹¹⁶ Volf, “Příspěvky k historii obchodních styků s cizinou ve středověku. Obchod solí,” 37.

¹¹⁷ Johannes Seidl, Stadt und Landesfürst im frühen 15. Jahrhundert. Studien zur Städtepolitik Herzog Albrechts V. von Österreich (als deutscher König Albrecht II.) 1411–1439 (Linz: Österreicher Arbeitskreis für Stadtgeschichtsforschung, 1997), 93–97 (Freistadt, 1437).

¹¹⁸ Seidl, Stadt und Landesfürst im frühen 15. Jahrhundert, 94, note 409: “We are under the impression that never before has so much salt been shipped from Meissen to Prague as in that very same year [= 1425].” (“bedunkht uns, das man das salcz von Maichssen … gen Prag so vast nicht gefürt hat als in disem [1425] jar”).

¹¹⁹ Petr Čornej, Světla a stíny husitství (události—osobnosti—texty—tradice). Výběr z úvah a studií (Prague: Lidové noviny, 2011), 71, 79, 179–80.

¹²⁰ Martin Musílek, “Šimon od Bílého lva. Den pražského měšťana v době vymknuté z kloubů,” Staletá Praha 32, no. 2 (2016): 2–27.

¹²¹ Merchants from Bohemia who were suspected of Hussitism visited Nuremberg in the early 1470s. Cf. Kaar, “Embargoing ‘Heretics’ in Fifteenth-Century Central Europe,” 17.

¹²² Cf. note 79.

¹²³ Cf. note 53.